Agroecological dimension of sustainable intensification technologies adoption in northern Ghana

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Ghana showing the regions and the agroecological zones.

Source: adapted and modified from Hashmiu et al. (2022).

Table 1. Variables and measurement.

Variable	Symbol	Description and measurement	Min	Max
Farmland	x1	Type of farmland; Dummy (1 = upland, 0 = Lowland)	0	1
Age	x2	Age of head of household in years	18	81
Marital status	x3	Dummy for whether the household is married	0	1
Household size	x4	Number of people in the household	1	35
Gender	x5	Dummy for whether the household is a female	0	1
Education	x6	Number of years household head spent in formal school	0	21
Group membership	x7	Dummy for a household head who is a member of a group (i.e. belongs to the farm-based organisation, savings and loan group, and faith-based group)	0	1
Access to credit	x8	The total external credit support farmer received for the last farming season in GHȼ	0	2000
Access to agricultural extension service	x9	The number of times a farmer received agricultural extension service in person and digitally in the last production season.	0	10
Total cost of hired labour	x10	Amount of money a farmer spent to pay for hired labour in GHȼ or food equivalent	0	2500
On-farm income	x11	Amount of money received from the sole of major crops (maize, sorghum, cowpea, and groundnut) in GHȼ	112.5	5087.50
Farm size	x12	The total size of the farm in acre	1	30
Controls: agroecological zones in northern Ghana
Upper East Region (Sudan savannah)	x13	Dummy for whether a farmer is in UER (Sudan savannah)	0	1
Upper West Region (Sudan savannah)	x14	Dummy for whether a farmer is in UWR (Sudan savannah)	0	1
Northern Region (Guinea savannah)	x15	Dummy for whether a farmer is in NR (Guinea savannah)	0	1
Sudan AEZ	x16	Dummy for whether a farmer is in Sudan savannah	0	1

Table 2. Summary statistics and test of means of the respondents.

SIT	Non adopters		Adopters		Difference		Combined
	Means	St. err	Means	St. err	Means	St. err	Means	St. err
Farmland location	0.609	0.033	0.531	0.032	0.077 (1.677)	0.046	0.569	0.023
Age	43.240	1.013	49.628	0.841	−6.389*** (−4.871)	1.312	46.517	0.671
Marital status	0.876	0.022	0.865	0.022	0.011 (0.337)	0.031	0.870	0.016
Household size	7.946	0.327	8.278	0.279	−0.332 (−0.773)	0.429	8.12	0.214
Gender	0.884	0.021	0.865	0.022	0.020 (0.630)	0.031	0.874	0.015
Education	0.738	0.029	0.844	0.024	−0.106*** (−2.827)	0.038	0.792	0.019
Group membership	0.289	0.030	0.937	0.016	−0.648*** (−19.22)	0.034	0.621	0.022
Credit	59.822	14.204	112.250	13.243	−52.436*** (−2.703)	19.398	86.720	9.762
Extension	1.598	0.108	2.872	0.111	−1.275*** (−8.218)	0.155	2.252	0.083
Farm size	2.131	0.121	2.336	0.173	−0.205 (−1.296)	0.253	2.237	0.117
Labour cost	49.027	8.166	69.932	13.548	−20.905*** (−2.304)	16.021	59.751	8.013
On-farm income	876.343	39.007	974.526	43.800	−98.183*** (−2.667)	58.868	926.715	29.481
Upper East Region	0.244	0.029	0.359	0.031	−0.114*** (−2.684)	0.043	0.303	0.021
Upper West Region	0.289	0.030	0.388	0.032	−0.099*** (−2.659)	0.044	0.340	0.022
Northern Region	0.471	0.034	0.249	0.028	0.222*** (5.093)	0.044	0.357	0.022

Source: Estimations from survey data, 2020. Numbers in parenthesis are t-values. Note: *, **, *** is 10%, 5% and 1% significance respectively.

Table 3. Results of logistic regression.

		Model 1			Model 2
SIT		Coefficient	Robust St. err	p-Value	Coefficient	Robust St. err	p-Value
Farmland location		0.791	0.231	0.422	0.826	0.242	0.513
Age		1.173***	0.072	0.009	1.150**	0.063	0.011
Age^2		0.999**	0.001	0.020	0.999**	0.001	0.025
Marital status		0.584	0.304	0.301	0.541	0.291	0.253
Household size		1.016	0.037	0.654	0.993	0.035	0.846
Gender		1.468	0.645	0.382	1.250	0.563	0.615
Education		−2.506**	0.961	0.017	−2.273**	0.873	0.033
Group membership		36.168***	13.764	0.000	39.420***	15.983	0.000
Credit		0.999	0.001	0.244	1.001	0.001	0.479
Extension		1.401***	0.129	0.000	1.373***	0.125	0.000
Farm size		1.009	0.034	0.784	1.002	0.033	0.951
Hired labour cost		1.000	0.001	0.956	1.001	0.001	0.852
On-farm income		1.000	0.001	0.484	1.001	0.001	0.382
Controls for AEZs
Upper East Region (Sudan savannah)					1.612**	0.712	0.031
Upper West Region (Sudan savannah)					2.140**	0.741	0.028
Northern Region (Guinea savannah)					−2.770	0.831	0.834
Regression’s goodness of fit
	Mean dependent variable	Pseudo R^2	Chi^2	AIC	SD DV	Probability > Chi^2	BIC
Model 1	0.513	0.543	103.674	383.453	0.500	0.000	445.356
Model 2	0.513	0.435	111.598	386.300	0.500	0.000	444.077

Number of objects (458) ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. SD DV (Standard deviation of dependent variable). AIC (Akaike Critical). BIC (Bayesian Critical). Source: Estimation from survey data, 2020.

Table

Logistic regression				N (458) Pseudo R^2 (0.441) Prob > Chi^2 (0.000) Wald Chi (14) (103.70)
Log pseudolikelihood (177.391)
SIT	Coef	Robust St. err	t-Value	p-Value	[95% Conf	Interval]	Sig
Farmland type	0.821	0.243	−0.67	0.505	0.460	1.466
Age	1.158	0.072	2.38	0.018	1.026	1.308	**
Age^2	0.999	0.001	−2.05	0.041	0.998	1.000	**
Marital status	0.548	0.298	−1.11	0.268	0.189	1.591
Household size	0.993	0.035	−0.21	0.836	0.927	1.063
Gender	1.207	0.533	0.43	0.670	0.508	2.870
Education	1.289	0.190	1.73	0.084	0.966	1.720	*
Group membership	39.863	16.193	9.07	0.000	17.98	88.379	***
Credit	1.000	0.001	−0.71	0.475	0.998	1.001
Extension	1.361	0.123	3.40	0.001	1.139	1.626	***
Farm size	0.996	0.035	−0.11	0.912	0.930	1.067
Hired labour cost	1.000	0.001	0.12	0.908	0.999	1.001
On-farm income	1.000	0.001	0.91	0.365	1.000	1.001
Sudan AEZ	0.413	0.145	−2.53	0.012	0.208	0.820	**
Constant	0.001	0.001	−3.83	0.000	0.000	0.030	***
Mean dependent variable		0.513	SD dependent variable		0.500
Pseudo r-squared		0.441	Number of Obs.		458
Chi-square		103.703	Prob > Chi^2		0.000
Akaike critical		384.782	Bayesian critical		446.685

***p < 0.010, **p < 0.050, *p < 0.100.

Hashmiu, I., Agbenyega, O., & Dawoe, E. (2022). Cash crops and food security: Evidence from smallholder cocoa and cashew farmers in Ghana. Agriculture & Food Security, 11(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00355-8

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Data availability statement

Data for the analysis are available from the corresponding author and may be provided on reasonable request.