Crops and people: the dangers and potential benefits of pesticides

Figures & data

Figure 1. Modes commonly employed by pesticides to work (Abubakar et al., 2020).

Figure 2. General classification of pesticides (Hassaan & El Nemr, 2020).

Figure 3. Chemical structures of natural organic pesticides (Yadav & Devi, 2017).

Figure 4. Structures of various synthetic organic pesticides (Yadav & Devi, 2017).

Figure 5. Mode of action of pesticides (Rajamani & Negi, 2021).

Figure 6. Chemical structures of various fungicides with unknown or novel mode of actions (Hagiwara et al., 2019; Heo et al., 2023; Hillebrand et al., 2019; Ito et al., 2023; Kimura et al., 2017; Ogawa et al., 2023; Salas et al., 2019).

Figure 7. A complete fate of pesticides (Sarmah et al., 2004).

Figure 8. Global consumption of pesticides (kg ha⁻¹) (Malyan et al., 2019).

Figure 9. Impact of pyrethroid on hematopoietic stem cell (del Pilar Navarrete-Meneses & Pérez-Vera, 2019).

Figure 10. Pesticide exposure causes breast cancer (L’Héritier et al., 2014).

Figure 11. Pesticides are a source of lung cancer (Bonner et al., 2017).

Figure 12. General chemical structures of various fungicides (Campagnac et al., 2009; Gu et al., 2021; Hatamoto et al., 2021; Yao & Mathieson, 2023).

Figure 13. Chemical structures of Qoi, Qil, and DMI fungicides (Cernuschi et al., 2023; Stenzel & Vors, 2019; Umetsu & Shirai, 2020).

Figure 14. Structures of various succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors as pesticides (Ayer et al., 2019; Kiguchi et al., 2021; Umetsu & Shirai, 2020).

Figure 15. Structures of various nicotine-based insecticides (Goulson, 2013).

Figure 16. Structures of various diamide-based insecticides (Teixeira & Andaloro, 2013).

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Data availability statement

Data is available on request from corresponding author.