Unveiling terroir: evaluating the magnitude of the heterogeneity and its main drivers in the Canary Islands wines

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of samples collected in each of the Canary Islands. Organic samples are shown in green and conventional samples in red.

Table 1. Sample description including codification, island of provenance, type of wine, production method, harvest, grape variety, location and soil type.

Sample	Island	Type	Production	Harvest	Variety	Region	Vineyard soil
TF1	Tenerife	Red	Organic & Biodynamic	2019	Listán Negro	La Perdoma	Basaltic lava flows
TF2	Tenerife	Red	Conventional	2019	Listán Negro	La Perdoma	Basaltic lava flows
LP1	La Palma	White	Organic	2019	Albillo Criollo	Puntagorda	Basaltic lava flows
LP2	La Palma	White	Conventional	2019	Albillo Criollo, Listán Blanco	Tijarafe	Basaltic lava flows
GC1	Gran Canaria	Red	Organic	2019	Listán Negro, Castellana	Vega de Gáldar	Basanitic-nephelineitic, basaltic and olivine-pyroxenic basaltic lavas
GC2	Gran Canaria	Red	Conventional	2019	Listán Negro	Vega de Gáldar	Basanitic-nephelineitic, basaltic and olivine-pyroxenic basaltic lavas
LG1	La Gomera	White	Organic	2019	Forastera Gomera	Igualero	Basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows
LG2	La Gomera	White	Conventional	2019	Forastera Gomera	El Cercado	Basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows
FT1	Fuerteventura	White	Organic	2019	Marmajuelo, Malvasía	Casillas de Morales	Colluvium and slope deposits
FT2	Fuerteventura	White	Conventional	2019	Malvasía	Lajares	Basaltic lava flows
EH1	El Hierro	White	Organic	2019	Verijadiego, Pedro Ximenez, Listán Blanco	Frontera	Basaltic, basanitic and tephritic lava flows
EH2	El Hierro	White	Conventional	2019	Verijadiego	Frontera	Basaltic, basanitic and tephritic lava flows
LZ1	Lanzarote	Red	Organic	2019	Listán Negro, Syrah	La Geria	Dispersion pyroclasts
LZ2	Lanzarote	Red	Conventional	2019	Listán Negro, Syrah, Tintilla, Merlot	La Geria	Dispersion pyroclasts

Geological data retrieved from the Geological Map of the Canary Islands, 2010 version.

Table 2. Average values of soil parameters per island comprising both organic and conventional management systems.

	pH	%OM	P2O5	%SP	EC	Ca	Mg	K	Na	Fe	Mn	Cu	Zn	As	Co	Hg	Ni	Pb	Pd	Se	Al
TF	5.14	4.33	433.50	42.50	1.23	9.24	2.53	1.54	0.90	373.67	44.88	28.88	7.53	0.41	1.13	0.08	0.47	1.92	6.69	0.12	1655.67
LP	6.05	2.85	186.61	45.00	1.19	7.41	0.96	1.37	0.55	115.05	75.08	7.05	1.97	1.41	3.71	0.02	0.00	0.00	3.61	0.00	655.60
GC	8.03	2.50	244.00	51.67	2.68	33.18	17.60	5.62	3.37	32.78	74.92	17.25	15.55	0.41	0.87	0.08	2.24	1.22	9.31	0.00	723.70
LG	3.80	3.33	94.24	37.83	1.05	1.45	0.33	0.33	0.46	111.95	16.28	2.22	2.12	0.04	0.64	0.02	0.54	0.00	3.06	0.00	2602.55
FT	7.90	2.33	349.67	36.67	11.52	16.45	6.63	3.60	8.58	25.80	30.88	3.88	3.07	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	9.56	0.00	2.93
EH	4.93	3.00	148.67	44.00	1.46	2.77	0.45	0.50	0.58	135.17	1.50	6.00	1.33	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.00	0.00	3.15	0.00	196.50
LZ	5.49	0.13	312.78	45.67	4.20	21.98	9.58	5.38	4.50	397.67	181.50	4.33	3.83	0.09	11.55	0.25	12.12	0.00	4.46	0.10	416.58

Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K and Na are expressed in meq/100g and for the rest of the elements and P₂O₅ in μg/g. Island: TF: Tenerife, LP: La Palma, GC: Gran Canaria, LG: La Gomera, FT: Fuerteventura, EH: El Hierro, LZ: Lanzarote. %OM: Organic Matter percentage; %SP: Soil Paste Saturation Percentage; EC: Electric Conductivity (dS/m).

Figure 2. Variation in the soil variables measured from conventional management (C) and organic management (E) vineyards. See Table 2 for codes and concentration units of each variable.

Figure 3. Principal components analyses ordinations of the vineyard samples according to the variation in the soil variables measured. (A) variable contribution to two main principal components and (B–D) vineyard samples ordinations grouped by management type (conventional, C; organic, E), type of wine (Red; White) and the island of origin (El Hierro, EH; La Palma, LP; La Gomera, LG; Tenerife, TF; Gran Canaria, GC; Fuerteventura, FT; Lanzarote, LZ) respectively. See Supporting Information Table S1 for variable codes in A.

Table 3. Average values of wine parameters per island comprising both organic and conventional management systems.

	(TPI)	Tannins (mg/L)	Tartaric acid (g/L)	Acetic acid (g/L)	Sugars (g/L)	Dry extract (g/L)	Alcohol %	Total sulphites (mg/L)	pH
TF (r)	57.17	3.98	2.15	0.74	3.53	54.33	13.24	10.67	3.66
LP (w)	15.83	1.13	2.63	0.46	1.50	33.67	13.55	102.50	3.32
GC (r)	63.67	4.50	1.03	0.63	3.83	58.00	12.97	30.67	3.75
LG (w)	14.50	1.00	3.58	0.30	2.73	38.83	13.49	77.67	3.14
FT (w)	13.50	0.93	3.30	0.19	2.52	35.33	12.71	70.50	3.26
EH (w)	16.83	1.18	2.53	0.74	14.60	65.83	14.57	103.67	3.13
LZ (r)	49.50	3.47	1.72	0.47	3.00	52.50	12.59	66.83	3.75

Island: TF: Tenerife; LP: La Palma; GC: Gran Canaria; LG: La Gomera; FT: Fuerteventura; EH: El Hierro; LZ: Lanzarote; TPI: Total Polyphenol Index.

Figure 4. Variation in the wine variables measured from conventional management (C) and organic management (E) vineyards. See Table 2 for codes and concentration units of each variable.

Figure 5. Principal components analyses ordinations of the vineyard samples according to the variation in the wine variables measured. (A) variable contribution to two main principal components and (B–D) vineyard samples ordinations grouped by management type (conventional, C; organic, E), type of wine (Red; White) and the island of origin (El Hierro, EH; La Palma, LP; La Gomera, LG; Tenerife, TF; Gran Canaria, GC; Fuerteventura, FT; Lanzarote, LZ) respectively. See Supporting Information Table S1 for variable codes in A.

Figure 6. Correlation plot between all pairs of the wine variables (nine main variables) and soil variables (21) measured. Color scale according to Spearman correlation coefficient (r) and circle size absolute r values. See Supporting Information Table S1 for variable codes.