The impact of entrepreneurial passion on business model innovation on Turkish SMEs

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model.

Table 1. Demographics of the study.

Demographics	Frequencies	Percentage	Mean	Standard Deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis
Gender
Male	249	62.25%	1.56	0.376	0.463	−1.456
Female	151	37.75%
Age
20–30 years	41	10.25%	2.76	0.765	−0.389	−0.472
31–40 years	131	32.75%
41–50 years	200	50%
Above 50 years	28	7%
Qualification
High School	45	11.25%	2.78	0.685	−0.438	−0.418
Bachelors	101	25.25%
Masters	203	50.75%
Doctorate	51	2.75%
SME’s age
0–4 years	112	28%	1.87	0.553	−0.875	−0.852
5–8 years	203	50.75%
Above 8 years	85	21.25%

Figure 2. Measurement model.

Table 2. Factor loadings.

Variables	BUMI	CURI	ENPLE	ENPPA
BUMI1	0.856	0.000	0.000	0.000
BUMI2	0.927	0.000	0.000	0.000
BUMI3	0.869	0.000	0.000	0.000
BUMI4	0.873	0.000	0.000	0.000
BUMI5	0.895	0.000	0.000	0.000
BUMI6	0.858	0.000	0.000	0.000
BUMI7	0.877	0.000	0.000	0.000
BUMI8	0.923	0.000	0.000	0.000
CURI1	0.000	0.789	0.000	0.000
CURI2	0.000	0.845	0.000	0.000
CURI3	0.000	0.939	0.000	0.000
CURI4	0.000	0.917	0.000	0.000
CURI5	0.000	0.895	0.000	0.000
CURI6	0.000	0.952	0.000	0.000
ENPLE 1	0.000	0.000	0.867	0.000
ENPLE2	0.000	0.000	0.849	0.000
ENPLE3	0.000	0.000	0.962	0.000
ENPLE4	0.000	0.000	0.851	0.000
ENPLE5	0.000	0.000	0.924	0.000
ENPPA1	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.927
ENPPA2	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.941
ENPPA3	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.918
ENPPA4	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.920
ENPPA5	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.893

Note: ENPLE = entrepreneurial learning, CURI = curiosity, ENPPA = entrepreneurial passion, BUMI = business model innovation.

Table 3. Validity and reliability of constructs.

Variables	Cronbach’s alpha	Composite reliability	Average variance extracted	VIF
Business model innovation	0.939	0.927	0.642	–
Curiosity	0.943	0.952	0.612	1.011
Entrepreneurial learning	0.954	0.962	0.729	1.102
Entrepreneurial passion	0.923	0.947	0.756	1.101

Table 4. Discriminant validity as per Fornell-Larcker’s criterion.

Variables	Business model innovation	Curiosity	Entrepreneurial learning	Entrepreneurial passion
Business model innovation	0.861
Curiosity	0.376	0.859
Entrepreneurial learning	0.529	0.321	0.899
Entrepreneurial passion	0.591	0.316	0.308	0.901

Table 5. Discriminant validity as per HTMT Criterion.

Variables	Business model innovation	Curiosity	Entrepreneurial learning	Entrepreneurial passion
Business model innovation	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Curiosity	0.087	0.000	0.000	0.000
Entrepreneurial learning	0.312	0.187	0.000	0.000
Entrepreneurial passion	0.376	0.086	0.317	0.000

Figure 3. Structural model.

Table 6. R² and model fitness.

Variables	R^2	R^2-Adjusted	SRMR
Business model innovation	0.267	0.254	0.039
Entrepreneurial learning	0.219	0.207

Table 7. Testing of study hypotheses.

Hypotheses	Relationships	β	T	p	Results
H1	ENPPA→BUMI	0.236	4.563	0.000	Accepted
H2	ENPPA→ENPLE	0.316	5.439	0.000	Accepted
H3	ENPPA→ENPLE→ BUMI	0.428	7.452	0.000	Accepted
H4	ENPPA→CURI→ ENPLE	0.219	4.257	0.000	Accepted

Note: ENPLE = entrepreneurial learning, CURI = curiosity, ENPPA = entrepreneurial passion, BUMI = business model innovation.

Table 8. Testing of mediational hypothesis.

Independent study variable	Indirect effects	Direct effects	Total effects	VAF	Mediation
Entrepreneurial passion	0.219	0.321	0.378	0.38	Partial

Figure 4. Moderation analysis.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.