Nexus among green marketing practice, leadership commitment, environmental consciousness, and environmental performance in Jordanian pharmaceutical sector

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample Demographics

Demographic	Frequency	Percentage
Gender
Male Female	171 116	59.5 40.5
Age
25–35 years 36–45 years 46–55 years Above 55	51 82 87 67	17.7 28.5 30.3 23.3
Educational level
Diploma and less Bachelor degree Graduates	67 199 21	23.3 69.3 0.7
Experience 1–5 years 6–10 years 11–15 years Above 15 years	45 99 91 52	15.6 34.4 31.7 18.1
Job title
Managers Supervisors Employees Others	11 15 229 32	0.4 0.5 79.8 11.1

Table 2. Descriptive statistics

Construct	Mean	Std. Deviation	Skewness
	Statistic	Statistic	Statistic	Std. Error
SL	4.1083	0.57551	−0.490	0.145
TL	3.9665	0.57497	−0.406	0.145
OL	3.9419	0.66869	−1.056	0.145
GM	4.0056	0.47472	−0.408	0.145
LC	3.6764	0.58766	−0.330	0.145
CON	3.9674	0.76504	−1.106	0.145
AWA	3.9982	0.67678	−1.079	0.145
ECONS	3.9828	0.67595	−1.155	0.145
EP	3.8885	0.78104	−1.148	.145

SL, strategic level; TL, tactical level; OL, operational level; GM, green marketing; LC, leadership commitment; CON, environmental concern; AWA, environmental awareness; ECONS, environmental consciousness; EP, environmental performance.

Table 3. Bartlett & KMO test

KMO and Bartlett’s Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.		0.633
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity	Approx. Chi-Square	530.222
	df	6
	Sig.	0.000

Figure 1. Proposed research model.

Table 4. Measurement model

Item	Factor loadings	AVE	CR	Cronbach	Item	Factor loadings	AVE	CR	Cronbach
SL1	0.77	0.56	0.76	0.82	LC1	0.70	0.60	0.79	0.77
SL2	0.76				LC2	0.76
SL3	0.80				LC3	0.71
SL4	0.89				LC4	0.69
TL1	0.74	0.52	0.70	0.69	LC5	0.66
TL2	0.75				LC6	0.63
TL3	0.82				LC7	0.77
TL4	0.85				LC8	0.73
OL1	0.79	0.56	0.72	0.66	LC9	0.80
OL2	0.70				LC10	0.72
OL3	0.67				AWA1	0.65	0.63	0.82	0.66
OL4	0.65				AWA2	0.67
CON1	0.75	0.59	0.78	0.78	AWA3	0.70
CON2	0.79				AWA4	0.72
CON3	0.78				EP3	0.70	0.64	0.83	0.87
CON4	0.70				EP4	0.72
EP1	0.78				EP5	0.73
EP2	0.70				EP6	0.70

SL, strategic level; TL, tactical level; OL, operational level; GM, green marketing; LC, leadership commitment; CON, environmental concern; AWA, environmental awareness; ECONS, environmental consciousness; EP, environmental performance.

Table 5. Discriminant validity

	GM	LC	CONS	EP
GM	0.781
LC	0.694	0.768
CONS	0.420	0.613	0.774
EP	0.551	0.735	0.572	0.801

Table 6. Fitness indices

Index	Accepted limit	Result
GFI	≥0.90	0.93
CFI	≥0.90	0.91
RMSEA	≤0.08	0.067
CMIN/DF	≤3.00	2.882

Figure 2. CFA model.

Table 7. Structural equation Modeling

	GM	ECONS
Total effect ECONS EP	0.161* 0.409*	0. 000 0.366*
Direct effect ECONS EP	0.161* 0.192*	0.000 0.274*
Indirect effect ECONS EP	0.000 0.217*	0.000 0.092*

GM, green marketing; ECONS, environmental consciousness; EP, environmental performance.

Note: *P< 0.01.

Figure 3. Structural model.

Table 8. Results of moderating Effect

Constructs	Standardized effect β	Standard error	p-value
Environmental consciousness	0.23	0.055	0.000
Leadership commitment	0.13	0.042	0.000
Environmental consciousness* Leadership commitment	0.11	0.048	0.000

Figure 4. Moderating effect of leadership Commitment.