US-China trade war on ASEAN region: oligopoly or systemic market structure?

Figures & data

Figure 1. The average percentage of US-China import tariffs.

Figure 2. Effect of tariffs on imports.

Table 1. Concentration level.

Concentration level	Interpretation
There isn’t any %	The market is very competitive
0–40%	Low concentration
40–70%	Medium concentration
70–100%	High concentration, leading to monopoly structures

Table 2. Classification of Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) values.

H value	Interpretation
<0.01	The market is quite competitive. There are many commodities that can be substituted or fulfilled by other countries
<0.15	Trading is not concentrated in just a few players
0.15–0.25	There is quite moderate concentration and there is dominance from certain countries
0.25 <	There is an oligopoly in the market

Figure 3. Trade balance of Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand 2011–2020 Source: Data extracted and processed from Trademap https://www.trademap.org/.

Table 3. Analysis results of C5 ASEAN trading partner countries.

Country	2017	2020
China, PR	20.19%	23.54%
Japan	8.99%	8.01%
United States of America	7.36%	7.67%
South Korea	7.75%	7.56%
China, Ro	5.58%	6.65%
C5	49.87%	53.44%

Source: Trade Map (2021).

Figure 4. China’s BoT to the US and China’s BoT to the World.

Figure 5. US BoT to China and the World, 2016q2–2021q1.

Figure 6. US BoT 2011–2020, Source: Trademap (2021).

Figure 7. US exports and imports to China, PR 2001–2020.

Figure 8. US BoT against ASEAN and 5 ASEAN Countries 2001–2020.

Figure 9. US BoT against ASEAN and 5 ASEAN Countries 2001–2020.

Figure 10. China’s trade performance towards ASEAN in 2001–2020.