Factors affecting transportation’s development and spillover effects on neighboring provinces: the case of Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1. Theories and previous studies review.

Factors	Theory and previous studies	Sources	Previous studies gap	Variable proposal
Political factor	Institutional theory: Institutions are perhaps the most important factor in explaining land use decisions and patterns related to transportation and land use. Various institutions and barriers both control and guide the decision-making process regarding transportation and land use	North (1990); Amin and Thrift (1995); Clingermayer and Feiock (2001); Stough (2016);	The factors affecting transportation development have not been transformed from concepts and theoretical frameworks into observable and measurable variables. (The researcher has to transform theoretical concepts into observable and measurable variables, if the theoretical concept is multidimensional, all its dimensions must find the corresponding elements in the activity definition (Sekaran, 1992)). We believe that this is the limitation for previous studies and this is the gap that we can continue to develop for this study.	Corruption control; State investment (Investment from state capital in HCM); PCI (Provincial competitiveness index)
	Previous studies: Intervention and initiative of government are in all aspects of the transportation industry has a very long history. These have evolved with the increasing complexity of the transportation system. The motivation for government intervention comes in part from the specific nature of the transportation industry. Politics are expressed in forms, including institutions, laws, policies, taxes, and incentives that have a decisive influence on the development of transportation and transportation structure. The origin and maintenance of the transportation system depend on the government. Government intervention is needed to design viable routes, covering the costs of public highway construction, developing ports, waterways, and cross-country cooperation routes.	Medaniel (1972); White and Senior (1983); Button and Nijkamp (1997); Coyle et al. (2016, pp. 53–54); Zeleny et al. (2008, 2010); Wang et al. (2011).
Transportation physical factor	Location theory: Industrial location is primarily a transportation cost issue and that the best location is one that minimizes transportation costs. Hoover (1948) developed Weber’s argument and suggested that total transfer costs, of which transportation cost is a major factor, is the basis of location theory. Location theory posits that reducing the cost in long-distance transportation compares to short-distance transportation costs will tend to centralize supply chain activity. Evolutionary theory: Evolutionary theory argues that the initial growth of the industry takes place in specific locations, for example ports, and this in turn attracts trade-related activities. Small-scale operations in many locations are gradually being replaced by the concentration and dominance of a few locations with special competitive advantages. These dominant locations have easier links to hinterlands, natural resources, and good transportation infrastructure, but they must keep up with technological and other changes in the industry to maintain its position. Rent theory: Rent theory argues that peripheral land generates less rent per unit of space due to the higher transportation costs that require to move goods and people to and from an urban center. As a result, most cities have developed around a central and focal transportation infrastructure, with higher-rent-paying activities that are located closer to the urban center.	Weber (1909); Hoover (1948); Blauwens and Van de Voorde (1988a, 1988b); David Banister (2005 pp. 7); Wartenberg (1966); Stough (2016); Rodrigue (2020).		Road length (Total road length); IW length (Total inland waterway length)
	Previous studies: The transportation physical factor can be divided into topographic (geographic) control of routes and climate control. It is clear that the nature of the terrain affects the transportation network in the region. Typical transportation physical factor, including transportation routes, wharves, ports, yards.	Button and Nijkamp (1997); White and Senior (1983); Wang et al. (2011)
Technological factor	Evolutionary Theory: Evolutionary theory argues that the initial growth of the industry takes place in specific locations, for example ports, and this in turn attracts trade-related activities. Small-scale operations in many locations are gradually being replaced by the concentration and dominance of a few locations with special competitive advantages. These dominant locations have easier links to hinterlands, natural resources, and good transportation infrastructure, but they must keep up with technological and other changes in the industry to maintain their position2.	Blauwens and Van de Voorde (1988a, 1988b); David Banister (2005 p. 7).		(1) Abroad internet (Total number of internet lines which are connected internationally); (2) Mobile phone (Total number of mobile network subscriptions)
	Previous studies: Technological progress is constantly being made in all modes of transportation. Technology is an important factor that influences the comparative cost structure of different modes of transportation. Technology consists of structured systems (knowledge, skills, tools, machines) which are designed to achieve a defined set of goals, within a defined system, through a set of structured, well-defined processes and interfaces. Technology is the foundation that creates electronic commerce (E-commerce); the dynamic development of E-commerce has been a driving force the transportation market for more than ten years. E-commerce has certainly influenced domestic and cross-border freight volumes and the development of transportation. E-commerce includes a variety of methods that use electronic devices, including mobile and landline phones, internet, and television.	White and Senior (1983, pp. 22, 29, 31, 40); Introna (1991); Macioszek and Jurdana (2022)
Spillover effect	The theory of resource advantage in relation to social resources can be a useful premise for comparative advantage. Each geographical location is endowed differently with a set of location-specific geographic and economic assets that provide a unique way to achieve regional spillover effects. A transportation hub facilitates multimodal exchange as transportation services are provided in the supply chain network from the hub to the neighboring regions, because transportation activities at any point in the network will affect the entire network for neighboring provinces. Regional economic growth and development depends on the ability of manufacturers and a solid transportation system. The great power of improving transportation is to accelerate the economic pulse of an entire region. Transportation is considered a component of the entire economic system of the region.	Hunt and Morgan (1997); David and Yemisi (2015); Hance (1967a); The Port of New York Authority (1963)		GDP growth of the provinces in the key economic region in southern Vietnam

Source: Study result of authors.

Figure 1. Model of conceptual factors affecting the development of transportation and spillover effects on neighboring provinces.

Source: Study result of authors.

Table 2. Variables explanation in conceptual model.

The seven exogenous variables	The fourteen endogenous variables
(1) Road length is total road length (Km).	(8) Goods labor productivity is goods productivity calculated on the total number of employees of transportation industry (TI).
(2) IW length is total inland waterway length (Km).	(9) People labor productivity is people productivity calculated on the total number of employees of TI.
(3) Corruption control (Score).	(10) Goods capital productivity is goods productivity calculated on total capital of TI.
(4) PCI is provincial competitiveness index (Score).	(11) People capital productivity is people productivity calculated on total capital of TI.
(5) State investment is investment from state capital in HCM.	(12) Binh Duong’s GDP growth is GDP growth of Binh Duong province.
(6) Mobile phone is total number of mobile network subscriptions (Subscribers).	(13) Tay Ninh’s GDP growth is GDP growth of Tay Ninh province.
(7) Abroad internet is total number of internet lines which are connected internationally	(14) Binh Phuoc’s GDP growth is GDP growth of Binh Phuoc province.
	(15) Tien Giang’s GDP growth is GDP growth of Tien Giang province.
	(16) Dong Nai’s GDP growth is GDP growth of Dong Nai province.
	(17) Vung Tau’s GDP growth is GDP growth of Vung Tau province.
	(18) Long An’s GDP growth is GDP growth of Long An province.
	(19) GDP growth of transportation in HCM.
	(20) GDP growth of HCM.
	(21) GDP growth of Vietnam.

Source: Study result of authors.

Figure 2. Data collection and data processing procedure.

Table 3. Variables’ statistics summary.

Variable name	Variable description	Unit of Variables	Number of observed variables	Mean	Standard Deviation	Min	Max
Road length	Total road length	Km	11	20198.56	2865.981	15447.96	24924.8
IW length	Total inland waterway length	Km	11	4405.592	784.8465	3463.523	5769.282
Abroad internet	Total number of internet lines connected internationally	Subscribers	11	5.345854	6.227198	0	16.8201
Mobile phone	Total number of mobile network subscriptions	Subscribers	11	1.14e + 07	1316648	9131584	1.39e + 07
Corruption control	Corruption control	Score	11	5.960392	.5311091	5.03	6.536523
PCI	Provincial competitiveness index	Score	11	63.02273	2.406317	59.67	67.16
State Investment	Investment from state capital in HCM	Billion VND	11	55333.51	13890.55	20848.6	77617
Binh Duong’s GDP growth	GDP growth of Binh Duong province	Number	11	.1172881	.1172881	0	.2877526
Tay Ninh’s GDP growth	GDP growth of Tay Ninh province	Number	11	.0766612	.0670143	−.0705427	.1458268
Binh Phuoc’s GDP growth	GDP growth of Binh Phuoc province	Number	11	.0962221	.0487008	0	.1657982
Tien Giang’s GDP growth	GDP growth of Tien Giang province	Number	11	.2205413	.5392483	−.2731913	1.75251
Vung Tau’s GDP growth	GDP growth of Vung Tau province	Number	11	.0572433	.1974277	−.260244	.4782417
Dong Nai’s GDP growth	GDP growth of Dong Nai province	Number	11	.1415309	.0930232	.0540142	.3858844
Long An’s GDP growth	GDP growth of Long An province	Number	11	.1492794	.0925901	.0689075	.4004852
Goods labor productivity	Goods productivity is calculated on the total number of employees of TI	Number	11	.6174222	.1499066	.3306623	.7837784
People labor productivity	People productivity is calculated on the total number of employees of TI	Number	11	.0955003	.0185455	.0738703	.1235113
Goods capital productivity	Goods productivity is calculated on total capital of TI	Number	11	.5096476	.1222711	.3235207	.6897951
People capital productivity	People productivity is calculated on total capital of TI	Number	11	.0800894	.0139496	.0626501	.1024402
HCM’s transportation GDP growth	GDP growth of transportation in HCM	Number	11	.039331	.3707821	−.9990176	.2732033
HCM’s GDP growth	GDP growth of HCM	Number	11	.131244	.1002631	.0099914	.2917871
VN’s GDP growth	GDP growth of VN	Number	11	.1148056	.0694239	.0423691	.2882769

Source: Study result of authors.

Table 4. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) analysis results.

Bartlett test of sphericity
Chi-square	72.329
Degrees of freedom	21
P-Value	0.001
KMO	0.745

Source: Study result of authors.

Table 5. Collinearity or Multicollinearity.

1^st multivariate regression			2^nd multivariate regression after removed road length			3^rd multivariate regression after removed abroad internet
	Variables	VIF		Variables	VIF		Variables	VIF
R-Squared = 0.9716	Road length	41.24	R-Squared = 0.9056			R-squared = 0.8191
	IW length	9.30		IW length	9.30
	Abroad internet	32.70		Abroad internet	22.79		IW length	3.53
	Mobile phone	10.55		Mobile phone	8.20		Mobile phone	7.12
Adjusted R-Squared = 0.9053	Corruption control	4.91	Adjusted R-Squared = 0.7641	Corruption control	2.29	Adjusted R-squared = 0.6382	Corruption control	2.17
	PCI	9.92		PCI	8.31		PCI	4.41
	State investment	4.97		State investment	4.74		State investment	4.13

Source: Study result of authors.

Figure 3. Depiction of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) estimation illustrating factors influencing the development of transportation and spillover effects on neighboring provinces. Figure 3 comprises five detailed SEM estimates, denoted as figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5.

Source: Study result of authors.

Figure 3.1. Depiction of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) estimation of the IW_length (inland waterway length) factor, illustrating its influence on the development of transportation and spillover effects on neighboring provinces.

Source: Study result of authors.

Figure 3.2. Depiction of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) estimation of the mobile_phone factor (total number of mobile network subscriptions), illustrating its influence on the development of transportation and spillover effects on neighboring provinces.

Source: Study result of authors.

Figure 3.3. Depiction of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) estimation of the corrupt_control factor (corruption control), illustrating its influence on the development of transportation and spillover effects on neighboring provinces.

Source: Study result of authors.

Figure 3.4. Depiction of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) estimation of the state_invest factor (investment from state capital in HCM), illustrating its influence on the development of transportation and spillover effects on neighboring provinces.

Source: Study result of authors.

Figure 3.5. Depiction of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) estimation of the PCI factor (Provincial Competitiveness Index), illustrating its influence on the development of transportation and spillover effects on neighboring provinces.

Source: Study result of authors.

Table 6. RMSEA test result.

RMSEA	0.001
Probability RMSEA	< = 0.05
CI	90%

Source: Study result of authors.

Table 7. Wald test result.

Observed endogenous variables	chi-square	degree of freedom	p-value
Goods labor productivity	45.09	5	0.0001
People labor productivity	72.37	5	0.0001
Goods capital productivity	11.82	5	0.0373
People capital productivity	17.14	5	0.0042
GDP Growth of transportation in HCM	1255.75	4	0.0001
GDP Growth of HCM	71.51	5	0.0001
GDP growth of Vietnam	111.09	5	0.0001
GDP growth of Binh Duong	8.39	5	0.1362
GDP growth of Binh Phuoc	21.73	5	0.0006
GDP growth of Tien Giang	30.87	5	0.0001
GDP growth of Vung Tau	11.91	5	0.0360
GDP growth of Tay Ninh	7.28	5	0.2003
GDP growth of Dong Nai	10.57	5	0.0606
GDP growth of Long An	5.30	5	0.3802

Source: Study result of authors.

Table

Independent variables	Factor	Eigenvalue	Difference	Proportion	Cumulative
Road length	Factor 1	4.92076	3.67903	0.7030	0.7030
IW length	Factor 2	1.24172	0.71738	0.1774	0.8804
Abroad internet	Factor 3	0.52434	0.34411	0.0749	0.9553
Mobile phone	Factor 4	0.18023	0.09557	0.0257	0.9810
Corruption control	Factor 5	0.08466	0.05243	0.0121	0.9931
PCI	Factor 6	0.03223	0.01618	0.0046	0.9977
State investment	Factor 7	0.01605		0.0023	1.0000

Source: Study result of authors.

Table

Independent variables	Factor 1	Factor 2	Uniqueness
Road length	0.9807		0.0283
IW length	0.9142		0.1426
Abroad internet	0.9493		0.0582
Mobile phone	0.9012		0.1620
Corruption control		0.9338	0.0868
PCI	0.9235		0.1140
State investment	0.7181		0.2456

Source: Study result of authors.

Table

Direct effects
Structural		Coefficient	EIM std. err	z	P > |z|	[95% conf. interval]
Endogenous variables	Exogenous variables
Goods labor productivity	IW length	−.0000117	.0000821	−0.14	0.887	−.0001726	.0001492
	Mobile phone	1.06e-07	4.12e-08	2.57	0.010	2.50e-08	1.86e-07
	Corruption control	−.2614856	.0557825	−4.69	0.000	−.3708173	−.1521539
	PCI	.0268154	.0238206	1.13	0.260	−.0198722	.073503
	State investment	−.0000111	4.73e-06	−2.35	0.019	−.0000204	−1.86e-06
People labor productivity	IW length	−4.51e-06	7.70e-06	−0.59	0.558	−.0000196	.0000106
	Mobile phone	−1.80e-09	3.86e-09	−0.47	0.641	−9.37e-09	5.77e-09
	Corruption control	−.0042835	.0052313	−0.82	0.413	−.0145367	.0059697
	PCI	.0080287	.0022339	3.59	0.000	.0036503	.0124071
	State investment	9.85e-07	4.44e-07	2.22	0.026	1.15e-07	1.86e-06
Goods capital productivity	IW length	.0000209	.0001051	0.20	0.842	−.0001851	.000227
	Mobile phone	1.69e-08	5.28e-08	0.32	0.749	−8.65e-08	1.20e-07
	Corruption control	−.1718876	.0714366	−2.41	0.016	−.3119007	−.0318744
	PCI	.0206838	.0305054	0.68	0.498	−.0391056	.0804732
	State investment	−8.74e-06	6.06e-06	−1.44	0.150	−.0000206	3.15e-06
People capital productivity	IW length	−3.46e-06	.0000108	0.749	0.749	−.0000247	.0000178
	Mobile phone	−1.15e-08	5.44e-09	−2.11	0.035	−2.21e-08	−8.07e-10
	Corruption control	.0062108	.0073707	0.84	0.399	−.0082355	.0206571
	PCI	.0069236	.0031475	2.20	0.028	.0007546	.0130925
	State investment	1.54e-06	6.26e-07	2.46	0.014	3.14e-07	2.77e-06
GDP growth of Binh Duong	IW length	.000013	.0000529	0.25	0.806	−.0000907	.0001167
	Mobile phone	−4.90e-08	2.65e-08	−1.85	0.065	−1.01e-07	3.00e-09
	Corruption control	.0853493	.0359395	2.37	0.018	.0149091	.1557895
	PCI	.0003803	.0153472	0.02	0.980	−.0296996	.0304601
	State investment	2.56e-06	3.05e-06	0.84	0.401	−3.42e-06	8.54e-06
GDP growth of Tay Ninh	IW length	−.0000326	.0000609	−0.54	0.592	−.0001521	.0000868
	Mobile phone	−2.59e-08	3.06e-08	−0.85	0.397	−8.58e-08	3.41e-08
	Corruption control	.057753	.0414049	1.39	0.163	−.023399	.1389051
	PCI	.0300346	.017681	1.70	0.089	−.0046195	.0646887
	State investment	2.11e-06	3.51e-06	0.60	0.549	−4.78e-06	9.00e-06
GDP growth of Binh Phuoc	IW length	3.39e-06	.0000267	0.13	0.899	−.0000489	.0000557
	Mobile phone	−3.77e-08	1.34e-08	−2.82	0.005	−6.40e-08	−1.15e-08
	Corruption control	.0036094	.0181315	0.20	0.842	−.0319277	.0391465
	PCI	.0187554	.0077427	2.42	0.015	.0035801	.0339307
	State investment	2.70e-06	1.54e-06	1.76	0.079	−3.14e-07	5.72e-06
GDP growth of Tien Giang	IW length	−.001348	.0003415	−3.95	0.000	−.0020173	−.0006788
	Mobile phone	6.37e-07	1.71e-07	3.72	0.000	3.01e-07	9.73e-07
	Corruption control	−.2168725	.2320084	0.350	0.350	−.6716006	.2378556
	PCI	.1349566	.0990739	1.36	0.173	−.0592246	.3291378
	State investment	3.09e-06	.0000197	0.16	0.875	−.0000355	.0000417
GDP growth of Vung Tau	IW length	−.0000708	.0001635	−0.43	0.665	−.0003912	.0002496
	Mobile phone	−1.80e-07	8.20e-08	−2.20	0.028	−3.41e-07	−1.95e-08
	Corruption control	.3680052	.1110776	3.31	0.001	.1502972	.5857133
	PCI	.0585537	.0474331	1.23	0.217	−.0344135	.151521
	State investment	.000017	9.43e-06	1.80	0.072	−1.50e-06	.0000355
GDP growth of Dong Nai	IW length	.0000585	.0000795	0.74	0.462	−.0000974	.0002143
	Mobile phone	−9.00e-08	3.99e-08	−2.26	0.024	−1.68e-07	−1.18e-08
	Corruption control	.1487931	.0540213	2.75	0.006	.0429134	.2546728
	PCI	−.0057554	.0230685	−0.25	0.803	−.0509689	.0394581
	State investment	3.71e-06	4.58e-06	0.81	0.419	−5.28e-06	.0000127
GDP growth of Long An	IW length	5.31e-06	.0000918	0.06	0.954	−.0001745	.0001852
	Mobile phone	−8.86e-08	4.60e-08	−1.92	0.054	−1.79e-07	1.69e-09
	Corruption control	.1195943	.062343	1.92	0.055	−.0025957	.2417843
	PCI	.0152472	.0266221	0.57	0.567	−.0369312	.0674257
	State investment	5.43e-06	5.29e-06	1.03	0.305	−4.94e-06	.0000158
GDP growth of transportation in HCM	Goods labor productivity	−9.737459	1.265325	−7.70	0.000	−12.21745	−7.257467
	People labor productivity	54.3146	8.311463	6.53	0.000	38.02444	70.60477
	Goods capital productivity	10.41694	1.364615	7.63	0.000	7.742342	13.09154
	People capital productivity	−67.56967	8.458892	−7.99	0.000	−84.14879	−50.99054
GDP growth of HCM	Goods labor productivity	−2.607567	1.136021	−2.30	0.019	−4.834126	−.3810075
	People labor productivity	14.86808	6.403456	2.32	0.018	2.317534	27.41862
	Goods capital productivity	2.443517	1.217618	2.01	0.040	.0570298	4.830004
	People capital productivity	−21.41661	7.903719	−2.71	0.006	−36.90762	−5.925607
	GDP growth of transportation in HCM	−.198679	.1135835	−1.75	0.080	−.4212987	.0239407
GDP growth of Vietnam	Goods labor productivity	−.2841496	.812826	−0.35	0.721	−1.877259	1.30896
	People labor productivity	.4481199	4.581692	0.10	0.921	−8.531831	9.428071
	Goods capital productivity	−.1419563	.8712091	−0.16	0.868	−1.849495	1.565582
	People capital productivity	1.224551	5.655134	0.22	0.826	−9.859309	12.30841
	GDP growth of transportation in HCM	.0667253	.0812694	0.82	0.412	−.0925597	.2260103
Indirect effects
Structural		Coefficient	EIM std. err.	z	P > |z|	[95% conf. interval]
Endogenous variables	Exogenous variables
GDP growth of transportation in HCM	IW length	.000321	.0015972	0.20	0.841	−.0028095	.0034514
	Mobile phone	−1.76e-07	8.03e-07	−0.22	0.826	−1.75e-06	1.40e-06
	Corruption control	.1033447	1.08768	0.10	0.924	−2.02847	2.235159
	PCI	−.0773983	.4638109	−0.17	0.867	−.986451	.8316544
	State investment	−.0000331	.0000923	−0.36	0.720	−.000214	.0001477
GDP growth of HCM	Goods labor productivity	1.934629	1.108276	1.75	0.081	−.2375521	4.106809
	People labor productivity	−10.79117	6.20463	−1.74	0.082	−22.95202	1.36968
	Goods capital productivity	−2.069627	1.185471	−1.75	0.081	−4.393107	.2538532
	People capital productivity	13.42467	7.704955	1.74	0.081	−1.67676	28.5261
	IW length	.000025	.0001146	0.22	0.827	−.0001996	.0002496
	Corruption control	.0445969	.0834787	0.53	0.593	−.1190183	.2082121
	PCI	−.032912	.0341736	−0.96	0.336	−.0998911	.0340671
	State investment	−4.06e-06	7.02e-06	−0.58	0.562	−.0000178	9.69e-06
GDP growth of Vietnam	Goods labor productivity	−.6497347	.7928226	−0.82	0.412	−2.203638	.904169
	People labor productivity	3.624158	4.419704	0.82	0.412	−5.038303	12.28662
	Goods capital productivity	.6950733	.8469374	0.82	0.412	−.9648935	2.35504
	People capital productivity	−4.508605	5.496104	−0.82	0.412 -	−15.28077	6.263561
	IW length	.0000155	.0001074	0.14	0.885	−.0001949	.0002259
	Corruption control	.1112832	.0755008	1.47	0.140	−.0366957	.2592621
	PCI	−.0036441	.031566	−0.12	0.908	−.0655123	.0582241
	State investment	4.52e-06	6.38e-06	0.71	0.478	−7.98e-06	.000017
Total effects
Structural		Coefficient	EIM std. err.	z	P > |z|	[95% conf. interval]
Endogenous variables	Exogenous variables
Goods labor productivity	IW length	−.0000117	.0000821	−0.14	0.887	−.0001726	.0001492
	Corruption control	−.2614856	.0557825	−4.69	0.000	−.3708173	−.1521539
	PCI	.0268154	.0238206	1.13	0.260	−.0198722	.073503
	State investment	−.0000111	4.73e-06	−2.35	0.019	−.0000204	−1.86e-06
People Labor Productivity	IW length	−4.51e-06	7.70e-06	−0.59	0.558	−.0000196	.0000106
	Corruption control	−.0042835	.0052313	−0.82	0.413	−.0145367	.0059697
	PCI	.0080287	.0022339	3.59	0.000	.0036503	.0124071
	State investment	9.85e-07	4.44e-07	2.22	0.026	1.15e-07	1.86e-06
Goods Capital Productivity	IW length	.0000209	.0001051	0.20	0.842	−.0001851	.000227
	Corruption control	−.1718876	.0714366	−2.41	0.016	−.3119007	−.0318744
	PCI	.0206838	.0305054	0.68	0.498	−.0391056	.0804732
	State investment	−8.74e-06	6.06e-06	−1.44	0.150	−.0000206	3.15e-06
People Capital Productivity	IW length	−3.46e-06	.0000108	0.749	0.749	−.0000247	.0000178
	Corruption control	.0062108	.0073707	0.84	0.399	−.0082355	.0206571
	PCI	.0069236	.0031475	2.20	0.028	.0007546	.0130925
	State investment	1.54e-06	6.26e-07	2.46	0.014	3.14e-07	2.77e-06
GDP growth of Binh Duong	IW length	.000013	.0000529	0.25	0.806	−.0000907	.0001167
	Corruption control	.0853493	.0359395	2.37	0.018	.0149091	.1557895
	PCI	.0003803	.0153472	0.02	0.980	−.0296996	.0304601
	State investment	2.56e-06	3.05e-06	0.84	0.401	−3.42e-06	8.54e-06
GDP growth of Tay Ninh	IW length	−.0000326	.0000609	−0.54	0.592	−.0001521	.0000868
	Corruption control	.057753	.0414049	1.39	0.163	−.023399	.1389051
	PCI	.0300346	.017681	1.70	0.089	−.0046195	.0646887
	State investment	2.11e-06	3.51e-06	0.60	0.549	−4.78e-06	9.00e-06
GDP growth of Binh Phuoc	IW length	3.39e-06	.0000267	0.13	0.899	−.0000489	.0000557
	Corruption control	.0036094	.0181315	0.20	0.842	−.0319277	.0391465
	PCI	.0187554	.0077427	2.42	0.015	.0035801	.0339307
	State investment	2.70e-06	1.54e-06	1.76	0.079	−3.14e-07	5.72e-06
GDP growth of Tien Giang	IW length	−.001348	.0003415	−3.95	0.000	−.0020173	−.0006788
	Corruption control	−.2168725	.2320084	0.350	0.350	−.6716006	.2378556
	PCI	.1349566	.0990739	1.36	0.173	−.0592246	.3291378
	State investment	3.09e-06	.0000197	0.16	0.875	−.0000355	.0000417
GDP growth of Vung Tau	IW length	−.0000708	.0001635	−0.43	0.665	−.0003912	.0002496
	Corruption control	.3680052	.1110776	3.31	0.001	.1502972	.5857133
	PCI	.0585537	.0474331	1.23	0.217	−.0344135	.151521
	State investment	.000017	9.43e-06	1.80	0.072	−1.50e-06	.0000355
GDP growth of Dong Nai	IW length	.0000585	.0000795	0.74	0.462	−.0000974	.0002143
	Corruption control	.1487931	.0540213	2.75	0.006	.0429134	.2546728
	PCI	−.0057554	.0230685	−0.25	0.803	−.0509689	.0394581
	State investment	3.71e-06	4.58e-06	0.81	0.419	−5.28e-06	.0000127
GDP growth of Long An	IW length	5.31e-06	.0000918	0.06	0.954	−.0001745	.0001852
	Corruption control	.1195943	.062343	1.92	0.055	−.0025957	.2417843
	PCI	.0152472	.0266221	0.57	0.567	−.0369312	.0674257
	State investment	5.43e-06	5.29e-06	1.03	0.305	−4.94e-06	.0000158
GDP growth of transportation in HCM	Goods labor productivity	−9.737459	1.265325	−7.70	0.000	−12.21745	−7.257467
	People labor productivity	54.3146	8.311463	6.53	0.000	38.02444	70.60477
	Goods capital productivity	10.41694	1.364615	7.63	0.000	7.742342	13.09154
	People capital productivity	−67.56967	8.458892	−7.99	0.000	−84.14879	−50.99054
	IW length	.000321	.0015972	0.20	0.841	−.0028095	.0034514
	Mobile phone	−1.76e-07	8.03e-07	−0.22	0.826	−1.75e-06	1.40e-06
	Corruption control	.1033447	1.08768	0.10	0.924	−2.02847	2.235159
	PCI	−.0773983	.4638109	−0.17	0.867	−.986451	.8316544
	State investment	−.0000331	.0000923	−0.36	0.720	−.000214	.0001477
GDP growth of HCM	Goods labor productivity	−.6729382	.2964059	−2.27	0.001	−1.253883	−.0919933
	People labor productivity	4.076906	1.961026	2.08	0.003	.2333649	7.920447
	Goods capital productivity	.3738897	.3285347	1.14	0.014	−.2700264	1.017806
	People capital productivity	−7.991938	2.158082	−3.70	0.001	−12.2217	−3.762176
	GDP growth of transportation in HCM	−.198679	.1135835	−1.75	0.080	−.4212987	.0239407
	IW length	.000025	.0001146	0.22	0.827	−.0001996	.0002496
	Corruption control	.0445969	.0834787	0.53	0.593	−.1190183	.2082121
	PCI	−.032912	.0341736	−0.96	0.336	−.0998911	.0340671
	State investment	−4.06e-06	7.02e-06	−0.58	0.562	−.0000178	9.69e-06
GDP growth of Vietnam	Goods labor productivity	−.9338843	.1917335	−4.87	0.001	−1.309675	−.5580935
	People labor productivity	4.072278	1.268512	3.21	0.001	1.586039	6.558516
	Goods capital productivity	.5531169	.2125164	2.60	0.001	.1365924	.9696414
	People capital productivity	−3.284055	1.39598	−2.35	0.001	−6.020125	−.5479845
	GDP growth of transportation in HCM	.0667253	.0812694	0.82	0.412	−.0925597	.2260103
	IW length	.0000155	.0001074	0.14	0.885	−.0001949	.0002259
	Corruption control	.1112832	.0755008	1.47	0.140	−.0366957	.2592621
	PCI	−.0036441	.031566	−0.12	0.908	−.0655123	.0582241
	State investment	4.52e-06	6.38e-06	0.71	0.478	−7.98e-06	.000017

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