Tourist’s Length of stay: the perspective of flow experience theory

Figures & data

Table 1. Result of outer model analysis.

	Measurement Item	Outer Loading	α	CR	(AVE)	Source
Enjoyment	Enj1	.821	.850	.899	.690	(Hsu & Chiu, 2004)
	Enj2	.840
	Enj3	.816
	Enj4	.844
Control	Ctrl1	.810	.828	.885	.657	(Guo & Poole, 2009)
	Ctrl2	.772
	Ctrl3	.820
	Ctrl4	.840
Focus	Fcs1	.823	.840	.893	.676	(Koufaris, 2002)
	Fcs2	.805
	Fcs3	.835
	Fcs4	.825
Goal Clarity	CG1	.860	.859	.904	.702	(Guo & Poole, 2009)
	CG2	.844
	CG3	.837
	CG4	.811
Destination Love	DL1	.776	.899	.918	.585	(C.-H. Yen et al., 2022)
	DL2	.778
	DL3	.709
	DL4	.766
	DL5	.774
	DL6	.761
	DL7	.792
	DL8	.758
Perceived value	Pv1	.696	.788	.855	.541	(C.-H. Yen et al., 2022)
	Pv2	.710
	Pv3	.719
	Pv4	.776
	Pv5	.773
Flow Experience	Flow1	.861	.892	.925	.755	(M. J. Kim et al., 2019)
	Flow2	.891
	Flow3	.850
	Flow4	.873

Note: α = Cronbach’s Alpha, CR = Composite Reliability.

Table 2. Fornell and Larcker discriminant validity.

Construct	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
(1) Challenges	.811
(2) Destination Love	.329	.765
(3) Enjoyment	.289	.379	.830
(4) Flow Experience	.262	.513	.321	.869
(5) Focus	.295	.359	.192	.272	.822
(6) Goal Clarity	.159	.269	.283	.262	.275	.838
(7) Perceived Value	.257	.299	.657	.297	.166	.166	.736

Boldfaced diagonal = the square roots of AVEs.

Table 3. Characteristic of participants.

Demographic	n	Percentages %	Country origin	n	Percentages %
Gender			Domestic	32	10.03
Male	164	51.4	China	28	8.78
Female	155	48.6	India	27	8.46
			Saudi Arabia	26	8.15
Age			United States of America	26	8.15
Under 20	29	9.1	United Kingdom	25	7.84
20–29	43	13.5	Philippines	24	7.52
30–39	57	17.9	Singapore	22	6.90
40–49	64	20.1	Timor Leste	19	5.96
50–59	68	21.3	Germany	17	5.33
Over 60	58	18.2	Netherlands	14	4.39
			Japan	11	3.45
Educational background			Malaysia	10	3.13
High school and below	77	24.1	South Korea	10	3.13
College	179	56.1	Myanmar/Burma	10	3.13
Postgraduate and above	63	19.7	France	9	2.82
	319	100	Polandia	3	.94
Occupation			Belarus	2	.63
Working	171	53.6	Spain	2	.63
Housewife	57	17.9	Hong Kong	2	.63
Student	49	15.4
Retired	36	11.3
Other	6	1.9

Figure 1. Structural model analysis.

Table 4. Structural model analysis.

Direct, indirect, and interaction effect		Original sample (O)	Sample mean (M)	Standard deviation (STDEV)	T statistics (|O/STDEV|)	P	Note
H1	Enjoyment → Flow Experience → Length of Stay	.115	.113	.033	3.506	.000	Supported
	Enjoyment → Length of Stay	−.035	−.037	.049	.723	.470
H2	Control → Flow Experience → Length of Stay	.072	.073	.029	2.453	.014	Supported
	Control → Length of Stay	−.021	−.019	.041	.512	.609
H3	Focus → Flow Experience → Length of Stay	.082	.085	.029	2.878	.004	Supported
	Focus → Length of Stay	.020	.020	.049	.405	.686
H4	Goal Clarity → Flow Experience → Length of Stay	.074	.073	.031	2.428	.015	Supported
	Goal Clarity → Length of Stay	.089	.091	.040	2.192	.029
H5	Flow Experience → Perceived Value	.297	.300	.058	5.094	.000	Supported
H6	Flow Experience → Destination Love	.465	.464	.049	9.557	.000	Supported
H7	Perceived Value → Destination Love	.160	.163	.051	3.167	.002	Supported
H8	Flow*DL → Length of Stay	.162	.163	.052	3.102	.002	Supported
	Destination Love → Length of Stay	.105	.107	.061	1.719	.086

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Fansurya, upon reasonable request.