Bibliometric portrait of the theory of community-based enterprise: evolution and future directions

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics and challenges of CBE as identified by Peredo and Chrisman in 2006.

Characteristics of CBE
i	Triggered by social and/or economic stress
ii	A product of incremental learning
iii	Dependent on social capital
iv	Community size
v	Based on available community skills
vi	A multiplicity of goals
vii	Dependent on community participation
Challenges in sustaining CBE
i	Maintaining a balance between individual and collective needs among economic, social, environmental, and cultural goals.
ii	Coping with the changes to the external environment as a consequence of economic and cultural globalisation.

Source: Taken from the article titled ‘Toward a theory of Community-Based Enterprise’ and compiled by the authors.

Table 2. Inclusion-exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria
Year	2006–2021
Document type	Articles and review
Source type	Journals
Language	English
Exclusion criteria
Manual cleaning	Articles with unstructured and inaccurate bibliometric information in the data file downloaded from Scopus are removed.

Source: Proposed by authors.

Figure 1. Steps explaining the process of material and methods and analysis.

Source: Prepared by authors.

Figure 2. Publication trend of articles. Note: The figure also shows the number of citations received by the articles published each year from 2005 to 2021. N = 477.

Source: Prepared by authors.

Table 3. Top contributing affiliations.

Rank	Affiliation	NP	Country
1	Indiana University Bloomington	13	USA
2	University of Victoria	11	Canada
3	Durban University of Technology	8	South Africa
4	Delft University of Technology	8	Netherlands
5	Nordlands Forskning	8	Norway
6	Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam	7	Netherlands
7	Kelley School of Business	7	USA
8	Mississippi State University	6	USA
9	Universidad de Monterrey	6	Mexico
10	University of Otago	6	New Zealand

NP: number of publication.

Source: Prepared by authors using the Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Table 4. Most contributing journals.

Rank	Journal name	NP	h Index	g Index	m* Index	TC	PY Start
1	Journal of Enterprising Communities	25	12	16	1	309	2011
2	Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice	20	16	20	1	2764	2007
3	Journal of Business Venturing	19	15	19	1.07	2211	2009
4	Entrepreneurship and Regional Development	18	14	17	0.93	801	2008
5	Journal of Business Ethics	17	11	16	0.78	1118	2009
6	Journal of Social Entrepreneurship	17	11	16	0.84	374	2010
7	Sustainability (Switzerland)	15	6	11	0.66	141	2014
8	International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business	14	6	11	0.42	139	2009
9	Journal of Business Research	7	5	6	0.38	97	2010
10	Organization	7	4	6	0.3	156	2010

TC: total citation.

Note: The m index is calculated considering 2022 in the number of production years.

Source: Prepared by authors using the Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Table 5. Most prolific authors.

Rank	Authors	Production	h Index	g Index	m Index	TC	PY start
1	Shepherd DA	10	10	10	0.83	1231	2011
2	Giampiccoli A	8	6	8	0.6	194	2013
3	Peredo AM	8	6	8	0.33	993	2005
4	Kleinhans R	7	5	6	0.62	99	2015
5	Dana LP	6	5	5	0.31	139	2007
6	Chrisman JJ	5	5	5	0.35	568	2009
7	Mazzarol T	5	4	5	0.4	81	2013
8	Meyer C	5	4	5	0.66	58	2017
9	Mtapuri O	5	4	5	0.4	119	2013
10	Ratten V	5	5	5	0.38	295	2010

TC: total citation; PY: publication year.

Source: Prepared by authors using the Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Table 6. Most prominent articles.

Rank	Title of document	Authors	Year	TC
1	Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept	Peredo AM, & McLean M.	2006	814
2	Entrepreneurship in and around institutional voids: A case study from Bangladesh	Mair J, & Marti, I.	2009	723
3	A positive theory of social entrepreneurship	Santos FM	2012	634
4	Social bricolage: Theorizing social value creation in social enterprises	Di Domenico M, Haugh H., Tracey P.	2010	554
5	The new field of sustainable entrepreneurship: Studying entrepreneurial action linking “what is to be sustained” with “what is to be developed”	Shepherd DA, Patzelt H.	2011	457
6	Research on entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Framing a research agenda	Webb JW, Burton GD, Tihanyi L & Ireland RD,	2013	292
7	The adolescence of family firm research: Taking stock & planning for the future	Gedajlovic E, Carney M, Chrisman JJ, & Kellermanns FW	2012	277
8	Multilevel challenges and opportunities in social capital research	Payne GT,	2011	275
9	Recognising opportunities for sustainable development	Patzelt, H., Shepherd, D.A.	2011	274
10	Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations	Estrin S, Mickiewicz T, Stephan U.	2013	272

TC: total citation.

Source: Prepared by authors using the Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Table 7. Top contributing countries.

Rank	Country	Total articles
1	USA	147
2	UK	83
3	Canada	58
4	Australia	39
5	Spain	29
6	Italy	26
7	France	26
8	Germany	22
9	Netherlands	21
10	South Africa	20

Source: Prepared by authors using the Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Figure 3. Trending words.

Source: Created using Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Table 8. Cluster table.

Cluster number	Cluster focus	TP	TC	Range of publication years	Cited articles	Citation per published article	Citation per cited article	Most cited articles
								Author	Title	Year	TC
Cluster 1	Relationships analysis	250	4704	2006–2021	229	18.816	20.541	Gedajlovic E., Carney M., Chrisman J.J., Kellermanns F.W.	The adolescence of family firm research: Taking stock and planning for the future	2012	277
								Wang T., Bansal P.	Social responsibility in new ventures: Profiting from a long-term orientation	2012	232
								Barkema H.G., Chen X.-P., George G., Luo Y., Tsui A.S.	West meets East: New concepts and theories	2015	208
								Shepherd D.A., Gruber M.	The lean startup framework: Closing the academic–practitioner divide	2021	45
								Troisi O., Visvizi A., Grimaldi M.	The different shades of innovation emergence in smart service systems: The case of Italian cluster for aerospace technology	2021	31
Cluster 2	Theorising and developing conceptual framework/modelling	110	4504	2008–2021	106	40.954	42.490	Santos F.M.	A positive theory of social entrepreneurship	2012	628
								Estrin S., Mickiewicz T., Stephan U.	Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations	2013	272
								Datta P.B.	Empowering women through social entrepreneurship: Case study of a women’s cooperative in India	2012	238
								Weerawardena J., Salunke S., Haigh N., Sullivan Mort G.	Business model innovation in social purpose organisations: Conceptualising dual social-economic value creation	2021	25
								Cardella G.M.	Social entrepreneurship research: Intellectual structures and future perspectives	2021	3
Cluster 3	Traits of social and community ventures	79	5651	2005–2021	78	71.531	72.448	Mair J., Marti I.	Entrepreneurship in and around institutional voids: A case study from Bangladesh	2009	721
								Di Domenico, Haugh & Tracey	Social bricolage: Theorising social value creation in social enterprises	2010	552
								Webb, Bruton, Tihanyi & Ireland	Research on entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Framing a research agenda	2013	291
								Korsgaard, Müller, & Welter	It’s right nearby: How entrepreneurs use spatial bricolage to overcome resource constraints	2021	7
								Liu, Xiao, Jiang, & Hu	Social entrepreneurs’ personal network, resource bricolage and relation strength	2021	5
Cluster 4	Development and sustainability of entrepreneurship culture	20	1987	2006–2021	19	99.350	104.578	Peredo & McLean	Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept	2006	811
								Shepherd & Patzelt	The new field of sustainable entrepreneurship: Studying entrepreneurial action linking “what is to be sustained” with “what is to be developed”	2011	456
								Patzelt & Shepherd	Recognising opportunities for sustainable development	2011	271
								Pansera & Fressoil	Innovation without growth: Frameworks for understanding technological change in a post-growth era	2021	4
								Saleem, Yasir Arafat, Balhareth, Hussain & Dwivedi	Cognitive aspects of disadvantaged entrepreneurs: Evidence from India	2021	1
Cluster 5	Innovative community initiatives for thriving enterprise	14	230	2012–2021	14	16.428	16.428	Linna P.	Bricolage as a means of innovating in a resource-scarce environment: A study of innovator-entrepreneurs at the bop	2013	65
								Natsuda K., Igusa K., Wiboonpongse A., Thoburn J.	One village one product – Rural development strategy in Asia: The case of OTOP in Thailand	2012	30
								Innes J.	New Zealand ecosanctuaries: Types, attributes and outcomes	2019	29
								Hertel C., Binder J., Fauchart E.	Getting more from many—A framework of community resourcefulness in new venture creation	2021	4
								Haugh H.M.	The governance of entrepreneurial community ventures: How do conflicting community interests influence opportunity exploitation?	2021	1

TP: total production (total published article); TC: total citation.

Note: The table provides information about each cluster.

Source: Prepared by authors.

Figure 4. Three-field plot showing the temporal evolution of keywords. The complete duration is divided into three-time slices.

Source: Prepared by authors using Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Figure 5. Temporal evolution—time slice 1.

Source: Created using Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Figure 6. Temporal evolution—time slice 2.

Source: Created using Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Figure 7. Temporal evolution—time slice 3.

Source: Created using Bibliometrix (R Studio).

Figure 8. Co-occurrence analysis of author keywords.

Source: Created using VOS Viewer.

Table 9. Keyword co-occurrence.

Keywords	Freq	TLS
Social entrepreneurship	86	188
Entrepreneurship	61	137
Community-based enterprise	42	106
Sustainability	41	116
Social enterprise	38	114
Social capital	24	61
Community	23	57
Poverty alleviation	19	45
Economic development	18	45
Innovation	18	46
Cooperatives	16	30
Social innovation	16	39
Community-based entrepreneurship	15	54
Embeddedness	15	42
Indigenous entrepreneurship	15	27
MSME	15	38
Social networks	15	45
Community development	13	25
Resilience	13	33
Developing countries	11	30
Bottom of the pyramid	10	24
Community-based tourism	10	16
Corporate social responsibility	10	20
Indigenous communities	10	31
Corporate entrepreneurship	9	19
Gender	9	25
Literature review	9	21
Common good	8	14
Family business	8	13
Hybrid organizations	8	23
Sense of place	8	18
Social economy	8	20
Social venture	8	12
Sustainable entrepreneurship	8	20
Tourism industry	8	21
Business model innovation	7	16
Community participation	7	17
Latin America	7	23
Social value	7	18
Value creation	7	15
Bricolage	6	15
Culture	6	22
Ethics	6	9
Social performance	6	19
South Africa	6	16
Africa	5	10
China	5	10
Firm performance	5	9

TLS: total link strength.

Note: This table lists the most occurring keywords with their frequency and total link strength. Prepared using VOS Viewer.

Source: Prepared by authors using data from VOS Viewer.