Leadership practices and job involvement: does workplace spirituality moderate the relationship?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual framework: Authors (2023).

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents.

Variables	Frequency (n = 416)	Percent
Gender
Male	212	51
Female	204	49
Age
21–30	108	26
31–40	167	40
41–50	104	25
51–60	37	9
Marital status
Single	125	30
Married	250	60
Divorced	41	10
Educational level
HND/Diploma	46	11
First degree	183	44
Masters	137	33
Professional certificate	50	12

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for study variables.

Variables	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis
Inspirational motivation	1.00	5.00	3.56	0.93	−0.87	0.64
Intellectual stimulation	1.00	5.00	3.50	0.88	−0.70	0.22
Individualized consideration	1.00	5.00	3.57	0.87	−0.87	0.55
Idealized influence	1.00	5.00	3.61	0.81	−0.97	0.33
Ethical leadership	1.00	5.00	3.43	0.89	−0.63	−0.21
Workplace spirituality	1.00	5.00	3.35	0.82	−0.28	0.45
Job involvement	1.00	5.00	3.61	0.76	−0.74	0.86

Table 3. Correlation matrix and Cronbach’s alpha.

Variables	α	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Inspirational motivation	95	1
2. Intellectual stimulation	92	0.738**	1
3. Individualized consideration	93	0.651**	0.733**	1
4. Idealized influence	88	0.590**	0.661**	0.709**	1
5. Ethical leadership	96	0.329**	0.389**	0.399**	0.357**	1
6. Workplace spirituality	88	0.102*	0.209**	0.196**	0.216**	0.605**	1
7. Job involvement	93	0.326**	0.291**	0.316**	0.327**	0.263**	0.255**	1

Note: **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05.

Table 4. Regression results for employee job involvement.

			Unstandardized betas
			Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Block	Step	Predictors	B	t	B	t	B	t	R^2	ΔR^2	F	p
1	1	Inspirational motivation (IM)	0.265	6.93**	0.246	6.57**	0.245	6.53**	0.106**	0.104**	48.02	0.000
	2	Workplace spirituality (SW)			0.204	4.83**	0.202	4.79**	0.155**	0.151**	37.00	0.000
	3	IM × SW					−0.043	0.95	0.157**	0.150**	24.96	0.000
2	1	Intellectual stimulation (IS)	0.251	6.11**	0.214	5.20**	0.213	5.14**	0.084**	0.082**	37.36	0.000
	2	Workplace spirituality (SW)			0.185	4.22**	0.183	4.17**	0.123**	0.119**	28.37	0.000
	3	IS × SW					−0.018	−0.39	0.124**	0.117**	18.92	0.000
3	1	Individualize consideration (IC)	0.274	6.69**	0.240	5.86**	0.239	5.76**	0.100**	0.097**	44.78	0.000
	2	Workplace spirituality (SW)			0.183	4.22**	0.183	4.22**	0.138**	0.133**	32.23	0.000
	3	IC × SW					−0.004	−0.07	0.138**	0.131**	21.44	0.000
4	1	Idealized influence (II)	0.305	6.97**	0.266	6.05**	0.248	5.61**	0.107**	0.105**	48.62	0.000
	2	Workplace spirituality (SW)			0.176	4.06**	0.183	4.23**	0.142**	0.138**	33.46	0.000
	3	II × SW					−0.105	−2.37**	0.154**	0.148**	24.44	0.000
5	1	Ethical leadership (EL)	0.222	5.17**	0.145	2.88**	0.157	3.13**	0.069**	0.067**	30.44	0.000
	2	Workplace spirituality (SW)			0.139	2.53**	0.169	3.00**	0.084**	0.079**	18.62	0.000
	3	EL × SW					0.083	2.08*	0.093**	0.087**	13.96	0.000

Note: **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05; initial entry of workplace spirituality: beta = 0.23 and p-value = 0.000.

Figure 2. Idealized influence × workplace spirituality.

Figure 3. Ethical leadership × workplace spirituality.