Biometric-based self-service technology adoption by older adult: empirical evidence from pension fund sector in Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Purposed research framework.

Table 1. Measurement item of construct.

Items	Author
Health condition HC1: I have a good health condition when compared to people my age. HC2: I have good vision conditions to use apps on smartphones. HC3: I can hear sounds/voices clearly. HC4: I can move my limbs well to perform biometric authentication with applications.	Chen and Chan (2014)
Facilitating condition FC1: My financial ability helps me overcome difficulties in accessing the self-authentication application. FC2: My knowledge of technology helps me overcome difficulties in using the app. FC3: The instructions provided in the app can help me overcome difficulties in using the application. FC4: I have a sufficient mobile device to use the app. FC5: Family/people around help overcome difficulties in using the app.	Chen and Chan (2014); Zhong et al. (2021)
Behavioral intention to use BI1: I intend to use the application again in the future. BI2: I will use the application independently whenever I take a pension fund. BI3: I will continue to use the app for authentication rather than to the counter (bank). BI4: I would suggest other retirees use the self-authentication application.	Morosan (2012); Zhong et al., 2021)
Use behavior UB1: Using the self-authentication application is a pleasant experience. UB2: I did self-authentication with the authentication application on my smartphone. UB3: Before withdrawing my pension fund, I always authenticate myself with the self-authentication application on my smartphone without coming to the bank/post office.	Hoque and Sorwar (2017)

Figure 2. Structural model.

Table 2. Sample profile.

Demographic Variables		Frequencies	Percent (%)
Age	60–69	167	56.0
	70–79	121	40.6
	Above 80	10	3.4
Gender	Male	162	54.4
	Female	136	45.6
Education	Below diploma	44	14.8
	Diploma	57	19.1
	Degree	146	49.0
	Master	38	12.8
	Doctor/PhD	13	4.4

Table 3. Measurement model assessment.

Item	Loading factor	AVE	CR	Cronbach’s alpha
Health condition
HC1	0.813	0.700	0.903	0.857
HC2	0.818
HC3	0.866
HC4	0.848
Facilitating condition
FC1	0.869	0.688	0.916	0.885
FC2	0.845
FC3	0.900
FC4	0.786
FC5	0.736
Behavioral intention to use
BI1	0.954	0.877	0.966	0.953
BI2	0.929
BI3	0.925
BI4	0.936
Use behavior
UB1	0.940	0.884	0.958	0.934
UB2	0.959
UB3	0.921

Table 4. Latent variable correlations and square-roots of aves.

	HC	FC	BI	UB
HC	(0.837)	0.544	0.479	0.539
FC	0.544	(0.829)	0.741	0.754
BI	0.479	0.741	(0.936)	0.917
UB	0.539	0.754	0.917	(0.940)

The bold value emphasizes that this value is higher than the correlation value of other constructs.

Figure 3. Structural model measurement.

Table 5. Path coefficients.

Hypothesis		β	SE	p-Value	Result
H1	HC → BI	0.164	0.089	0.000***	Accepted
H2	HC → UB	0.040	0.051	0.122	Not accepted
H3	FC → BI	0.552	0.071	0.000***	Accepted
H4	FC → UB	0.123	0.065	0.000***	Accepted
H5	BI → UB	0.779	0.047	0.000***	Accepted

Chen, K., & Chan, A. H. S. (2014). Gerontechnology acceptance by elderly Hong Kong Chinese: A senior technology acceptance model (STAM). Ergonomics, 57(5), 635–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2014.895855

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Zhong, Y., Oh, S., & Moon, H. C. (2021). Service transformation under industry 4.0: Investigating acceptance of facial recognition payment through an extended technology acceptance model. Technology in Society, 64(December 2020), 101515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101515

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Morosan, C. (2012). Voluntary steps toward air travel security: An examination of travelers’ attitudes and intentions to use biometric systems. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 436–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511418368

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hoque, R., & Sorwar, G. (2017). Understanding factors influencing the adoption of mHealth by the elderly: An extension of the UTAUT model. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 101, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2017.02.002

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Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during this investigation are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.