Strengthening the concordance between entrepreneurship orientation with indigenous cultural values

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of participants and their businesses (N = 20 Interviewees).

Variables	Percentage
Biological Sex
Male	55%
Female	45%
Age
19–24 years old	35%
25–34 years old	55%
35–45 years old	10 %
Education
University graduates	90%
University drop-outs	10%
Business Tenure
10 years and above	65%
9 years and below	35%
Business Type
Technology-based start-ups	45%
SMEs	45%
Pre-incubated start-ups	10%
Markets
Local market (inside the country)	91%
International market	9%
Number of employees
4–8	40%
9–15	60%
Place of origin
rural	80%
urban	20%

Table 2. Description of emerging themes.

Code	Theme	Description	Frequency
cautious attitude to change anxiety towards failure a feeling of being uncomfortable with taking responsibility	Orientation towards stability	The theme reflects the value the Omani population attaches to maintaining stability in the community	15
avoid damaging your own ‘face’ or the ‘face’ of the other avoid damaging the relationship with the other	Orientation towards relationship	The theme points at the tendency of the Omani community to avoid criticism and maintain amicable relationships with neighbors	10
avoid drawing attention to oneself avoid interfering in other people’s affairs	Orientation towards privacy	The theme incorporates the privacy concerns of the Omani community	10
avoid damaging the social hierarchy	Orientation toward the ascribed status	The theme highlights the importance of preserving social hierarchy and status, formalities, and tribal codes of behaviour in the community	7
avoid rapturing the social fabric and ties feeling uncomfortable with modernity / novelty	Orientation towards the elders and ancestral heritage	The theme celebrates the elders and their role in observing the adherence of the community to the traditional formalities and tribal code of behaviour	7

Table 3. EO dimensions, Omani community concerns with corresponding cultural orientations and EO dimensions strengthened by Omani cultural orientations.

EO Dimensions	Omani Community Concerns and Anxieties	Omani Cultural Orientations	EO Dimensions Strengthened by Omani Cultural Orientations
Innovativeness (willingness to experiment with promising new ideas; drive for novelty)	cautious attitude to change feeling uncomfortable with modernity/novelty	Orientation towards stability Orientation towards the elders and ancestral heritage	Gradual innovativeness with visualizations
Proactiveness (taking the initiative, seizing opportunities)	feeling of being uncomfortable with taking responsibility avoid drawing attention to oneself	Orientation towards stability Orientation towards privacy	Proactiveness with shared responsibility
Risk-taking (uncertainty, responsibility)	feeling of being uncomfortable with taking responsibility avoid drawing attention to oneself avoid damaging the social hierarchy avoid damaging the relationship with the other	Orientation towards stability Orientation towards privacy Orientation toward ascribed status Orientation towards relationship	‘Safe’ risk-taking
Autonomy (independence, decision-making)	avoid damaging the relationship with the other avoid damaging the social hierarchy - avoid rapturing the social fabric and ties feeling of being uncomfortable with taking responsibility anxiety towards failure	Orientation towards relationship Orientation toward the ascribed status Orientation towards the elders and ancestral heritage Orientation towards stability	Selective autonomy
Competitive Aggressiveness (individualistic, seeking opportunities, future-oriented, dynamic)	cautious attitude to change feeling of being uncomfortable with taking responsibility avoid damaging the relationship with the other avoid damaging the social hierarchy avoid rapturing the social fabric and ties avoid drawing attention to oneself	Orientation towards stability Orientation towards relationship Orientation toward ascribed status Orientation towards the elders and ancestral heritage Orientation towards privacy	Competitive aggressiveness at the industry level

Data availability statement

Data available on request due to privacy/ethical restrictions