Determinants of discouraged borrowers and gender as contextual factors: evidence from Indonesian MSMEs

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research model. Source: Self-constructed.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of respondents’ characteristics.

Category	n	Proportion (%)
Business age
2013–2015	284	79.78%
2016–2018	72	20.22%
Owner age
<20	51	14.33%
21–30	78	21.91%
31–40	193	54.21%
>41	34	9.55%
Firm size
Micro	299	83.99%
Small	54	15.17%
Medium	3	0.84%

Source: Primary Data, processed (2022).

Figure 2. Confirmatory factor analysis for the proposed model. Source: Self elaborated (2022).

Table 2. Validity and reliability test.

Variable	Factor loading	Cronbach alpha
AC1	0.701	0.840
AC2	0.795
AC3	0.739
AC4	0.783
TR1	0.859	0.940
TR2	0.869
TR3	0.918
TR4	0.900
SE1	0.830	0.912
SE2	0.857
SE3	0.884
SE4	0.834
DB1	0.824	0.924
DB2	0.885
DB3	0.901
DB4	0.864

Source: Self-elaborated (2022).

Table 3. Goodness of fit test.

Goodness of fit	Value	Criteria	Status
1. Chi-square probability level	0.176	>0.05	Good
2. Goodness of fit index (GFI)	0.950	>0.90	Good
3. Adjusted goodness of fit (AGFI)	0.930	>0.90	Good
4. Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)	0.010	<0.08	Good
5. Normed fit index (NFI)	0.963	>0.90	Good
6. Parsimonious normal fit index (PNFI)	0.778	>0.60	Good

Source: Primary data, processed (2022).

Table 4. Causality test results.

Hypothesis	Path Coefficient	p-value	Results
H1: Application cost → discouraged borrowers	1.056	0.000	Supported
H2: Trust reciprocity → R discouraged borrowers	−0.105	0.026	Supported
H3: Self-efficacy → discouraged borrowers	−0.145	0.013	Supported

Source: Primary data, processed (2022).

Table 5. Results of the moderation test—by gender.

Hypothesis	Gender				Results
	Male		Female
	Coefficient	p-value	Path coefficient	p-Value
H4a: Application cost*Gender → discouraged borrowers	0.368	0.000	1.075	0.000	Not supported
H4a: Trust reciprocity*Gender → R discouraged borrowers	−0.074	0.279	−0.124	0.056	Not supported
H4c: Self efficacy* Gender → discouraged borrowers	−0.206	0.014	−0.107	0.188	Supported

Source: Primary data, processed (2022).