Employee agility’s moderating role on the link between employee vitality, digital literacy and transformational leadership with job performance: an empirical study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research framework.

Table 1. Normality analysis.

		TP	CP	EV	DL	TL	EA
N	Valid	300	300	300	300	300	300
	Missing	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mean		5.9657	5.8852	5.5523	4.9106	5.7918	5.6962
Std. Deviation		.68619	.73559	.92333	.91373	.73760	.67462
Variance		.471	.541	.853	.835	.544	.455
Skewness		−.622	−.435	−1.122	−.261	−.555	−.664
Std. Error of Skewness		.141	.141	.141	.141	.141	.141
Kurtosis		.374	−.236	2.771	.034	−.020	.878
Std. Error of Kurtosis		.281	.281	.281	.281	.281	.281

Table 2. Comparison between baseline model and marker included model.

Relations	Without Marker Variable			With Marker Variable
Direct effects	Path coef	p-values	Remarks	Path coef	p-values	Remarks
DL -> CP	0.213	0.001	Supported	0.212	0.002	Supported
DL -> EA	0.385	0.000	Supported	0.381	0.000	Supported
DL -> TP	0.166	0.017	Supported	0.162	0.021	Supported
EA -> CP	0.318	0.000	Supported	0.317	0.000	Supported
EA -> TP	0.373	0.000	Supported	0.372	0.000	Supported
EV -> CP	0.256	0.000	Supported	0.255	0.000	Supported
EV -> EA	0.293	0.000	Supported	0.290	0.000	Supported
EV -> TP	0.235	0.000	Supported	0.233	0.000	Supported
TL -> CP	0.137	0.016	Supported	0.137	0.016	Supported
TL -> EA	0.184	0.002	Supported	0.184	0.002	Supported
TL -> TP	0.129	0.017	Supported	0.130	0.017	Supported
Indirect effect	Without MV	p-values	Remarks	With MV	p-values	Remarks
DL -> EA -> CP	0.122	0.007	Supported	0.121	0.007	Supported
DL -> EA -> TP	0.144	0.005	Supported	0.142	0.005	Supported
EV -> EA -> CP	0.093	0.001	Supported	0.092	0.001	Supported
EV -> EA -> TP	0.109	0.001	Supported	0.108	0.001	Supported
TL -> EA -> CP	0.058	0.023	Supported	0.058	0.023	Supported
TL -> EA -> TP	0.069	0.018	Supported	0.069	0.018	Supported
Change in Coefficient of Determination (R^2) - with and without Marker Variables
R-square	Without MV			With MV
CP	0.506			0.506
EA	0.432			0.433
TP	0.499			0.500
Change in Adjusted R^2 - with and without Marker Variables
Adjusted R-square	Without MV			With MV
CP	0.499			0.498
EA	0.426			0.425
TP	0.492			0.491

Table 3. Full collinearity test - VIF.

	CP	DL	EA	EV	RANDOM	TL	TP
CP					1.708
DL					1.510
EA					2.000
EV					1.155
RANDOM
TL					1.415
TP					1.904

Table 4. Construct reliability analysis.

	Cronbach’s alpha	Composite reliability (rho_a)
Adp	0.880	0.889
CP	0.868	0.868
Cog	0.846	0.846
EV	0.929	0.933
Pro	0.825	0.883
Res	0.845	0.872
SE	0.750	0.810
TL	0.942	0.943
TP	0.905	0.911
Tec	0.913	0.923

Adp: adaptability; Cog: cognitive; Pro: proactivity, Res: resilience; SE: socio-emotional; Tec: technical.

Table 5. Construct convergent validity (AVE).

	Average variance extracted (AVE)
Adp	0.737
CP	0.716
Cog	0.867
EV	0.825
Pro	0.659
Res	0.688
SE	0.795
TL	0.777
TP	0.680
Tec	0.695

Adp: adaptability; Cog: cognitive; Pro: proactivity; Res: resilience; SE: socio-emotional; Tec: technical.

Table 6. Reliability analysis, factor loading and AVE for higher-order constructs.

	Outer loadings	Cronbach’s alpha	Composite reliability (rho_a)	Average variance extracted (AVE)
Cog <- DL	0.911	0.882	0.887	0.809
SE <- DL	0.885
Tec <- DL	0.902
Adp <- EA	0.901	0.833	0.837	0.752
Pro <- EA	0.794
Res <- EA	0.902

Adp: adaptability; Cog: cognitive; Pro: proactivity; Res: resilience; SE: socio-emotional; Tec: technical.

Figure 2. Structural model with interaction effect.

Table 7. Summary of total effects, direct effects and specific indirect effects of constructs.

	Total effect		Direct effect		Specific Indirect effect
	Coefficient	p-value	Coefficient	p-value		Coefficient	SD	t-value	p-value	CI (2.5%–97.5%)
DL -> CP	0.336	0.000	0.213	0.001	DL -> EA -> CP	0.122	0.045	2.704	0.007	0.046-0.216
DL -> EA	0.385	0.000	0.385	0.000	DL -> EA -> TP	0.144	0.051	2.808	0.005	0.054-0.248
DL -> TP	0.309	0.000	0.166	0.017	EV -> EA -> CP	0.093	0.027	3.418	0.001	0.048-0.153
EA -> CP	0.318	0.000	0.318	0.000	EV -> EA -> TP	0.109	0.031	3.479	0.001	0.058-0.179
EA -> TP	0.373	0.000	0.373	0.000	TL -> EA -> CP	0.058	0.026	2.280	0.023	0.018-0.119
EV -> CP	0.349	0.000	0.256	0.000	TL -> EA -> TP	0.069	0.029	2.375	0.018	0.022-0.134
EV -> EA	0.293	0.000	0.293	0.000
EV -> TP	0.344	0.000	0.235	0.000
TL -> CP	0.195	0.001	0.137	0.016
TL -> EA	0.184	0.002	0.184	0.002
TL -> TP	0.198	0.001	0.129	0.017

Table 8. Coefficient of determination (r²).

	R-square
CP	0.506
EA	0.432
TP	0.499

Table 9. Assessment of effect sizes (f²).

	Employee agility (endogenous variable)		Task performance (endogenous variable)		Contextual performance (endogenous variable)
Exogenous variables	f^2 value	Effect size	f^2 value	Effect size	f^2 value	Effect size
Employee vitality	0.118	Small	0.077	Small	0.093	Small
Digital literacy	0.221		0.038	Small	0.064	Small
Transformational leadership	0.043	Small	0.023	Small	0.026	Small
Employee agility			0.158	Medium	0.116	Small

Table 10. Predictive relevance of model (Q²).

	Q²predict
CP	0.434
EA	0.408
TP	0.405

Table A1. Respondent profile.

	Frequency	Percentage
Gender
Male	70	23.3%
Female	230	76.7%
Age
25 and below	23	7.7%
26 to 41	153	51.0%
42 to 57	113	37.7%
58 and above	11	3.7%
Job level
Senior Manager and above	61	20.3%
Manager	75	25.0%
Senior executive	70	23.3%
Junior executive	66	22.0%
Clerical/administrative or equivalent	28	9.3%
Sector
Electrical & electronics	62	20.7%
Precision engineering and equipment	62	20.7%
Medical devices	11	3.7%
Aerospace/avionics	10	3.3%
Others	155	51.7%

Table A2. Harman’s single-factor test.

Total Variance Explained
Component	Initial Eigenvalues			Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %
1	16.920	38.454	38.454	16.920	38.454	38.454
2	4.322	9.823	48.277
3	3.233	7.348	55.625
4	2.375	5.398	61.023
5	2.029	4.611	65.635
6	1.472	3.345	68.979
7	1.012	2.299	71.278
8	.970	2.206	73.484
9	.932	2.118	75.602
10	.777	1.767	77.369
11	.677	1.538	78.906
12	.604	1.373	80.280
13	.584	1.328	81.608
14	.547	1.243	82.851
15	.515	1.170	84.020
16	.480	1.091	85.111
17	.452	1.027	86.138
18	.441	1.003	87.141
19	.408	.928	88.070
20	.384	.873	88.942
21	.357	.811	89.753
22	.348	.790	90.543
23	.328	.746	91.290
24	.324	.737	92.027
25	.296	.674	92.700
26	.284	.645	93.346
27	.264	.599	93.945
28	.252	.573	94.518
29	.239	.542	95.060
30	.223	.507	95.567
31	.222	.505	96.072
32	.211	.479	96.550
33	.205	.467	97.017
34	.180	.409	97.427
35	.161	.365	97.792
36	.156	.355	98.147
37	.150	.341	98.488
38	.124	.281	98.769
39	.114	.260	99.029
40	.104	.237	99.266
41	.089	.203	99.469
42	.086	.196	99.666
43	.078	.178	99.843
44	.069	.157	100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Table A3. Factor loading.

	Adp	CP	Cog	EV	Pro	Res	SE	TL	TP	Tec
Adp45	0.766
Adp46	0.896
Adp47	0.923
Adp48	0.842
CP15		0.854
CP16		0.865
CP17		0.856
CP18		0.809
Cog30			0.933
Cog31			0.929
EV19				0.919
EV20				0.922
EV21				0.865
EV23				0.925
Pro41					0.901
Pro42					0.926
Pro43					0.757
Pro44					0.627
Res49						0.896
Res50						0.899
Res51						0.846
Res52						0.654
SE32							0.929
SE33							0.854
TL34								0.829
TL36								0.888
TL37								0.897
TL38								0.866
TL39								0.907
TL40								0.901
TP9									0.847
TP10									0.863
TP11									0.798
TP12									0.857
TP13									0.730
TP14									0.846
Tec24										0.793
Tec25										0.814
Tec26										0.843
Tec27										0.847
Tec28										0.844
Tec29										0.858

Table A4. Fornell & larcker criterion.

	Adp	CP	Cog	EV	Pro	Res	SE	TL	TP	Tec
Adp	0.859
CP	0.541	0.846
Cog	0.543	0.411	0.931
EV	0.395	0.531	0.198	0.908
Pro	0.538	0.525	0.264	0.455	0.812
Res	0.781	0.542	0.422	0.411	0.553	0.830
SE	0.470	0.446	0.733	0.249	0.319	0.367	0.892
TL	0.401	0.479	0.315	0.453	0.416	0.382	0.359	0.882
TP	0.567	0.766	0.408	0.520	0.525	0.558	0.411	0.469	0.825
Tec	0.549	0.501	0.736	0.297	0.326	0.452	0.672	0.335	0.469	0.834

Note: the square root of AVE is in bold and italicized.

Adp; adaptability, Cog; cognitive, Pro; proactivity, Res; resilience, SE; socio-emotional, Tec; technical.

Table A5. Cross loading.

	Adp	CP	Cog	EV	Pro	Res	SE	TL	TP	Tec
Adp45	0.766	0.403	0.330	0.386	0.416	0.587	0.348	0.330	0.438	0.391
Adp46	0.896	0.455	0.557	0.332	0.471	0.664	0.464	0.356	0.501	0.556
Adp47	0.923	0.520	0.495	0.358	0.545	0.726	0.423	0.364	0.535	0.497
Adp48	0.842	0.475	0.466	0.289	0.407	0.701	0.372	0.326	0.470	0.429
CP15	0.527	0.854	0.357	0.458	0.434	0.529	0.352	0.364	0.730	0.425
CP16	0.458	0.865	0.351	0.384	0.414	0.459	0.379	0.377	0.632	0.412
CP17	0.435	0.856	0.326	0.489	0.432	0.459	0.347	0.439	0.608	0.438
CP18	0.411	0.809	0.356	0.461	0.495	0.387	0.431	0.438	0.621	0.420
Cog30	0.514	0.386	0.933	0.213	0.249	0.400	0.671	0.314	0.381	0.679
Cog31	0.497	0.379	0.929	0.155	0.242	0.386	0.693	0.271	0.378	0.692
EV19	0.351	0.476	0.148	0.919	0.409	0.360	0.217	0.362	0.480	0.251
EV20	0.362	0.487	0.161	0.922	0.441	0.367	0.230	0.402	0.449	0.276
EV21	0.304	0.432	0.162	0.865	0.381	0.338	0.210	0.460	0.453	0.237
EV23	0.411	0.529	0.241	0.925	0.419	0.421	0.246	0.427	0.505	0.311
Pro41	0.491	0.491	0.217	0.470	0.901	0.505	0.311	0.431	0.490	0.319
Pro42	0.530	0.513	0.290	0.444	0.926	0.510	0.331	0.415	0.499	0.332
Pro43	0.358	0.367	0.172	0.277	0.757	0.384	0.182	0.270	0.370	0.242
Pro44	0.331	0.288	0.156	0.218	0.627	0.382	0.168	0.159	0.309	0.109
Res49	0.755	0.509	0.420	0.337	0.486	0.896	0.384	0.307	0.547	0.437
Res50	0.729	0.489	0.378	0.386	0.473	0.899	0.339	0.363	0.510	0.413
Res51	0.604	0.423	0.334	0.364	0.399	0.846	0.283	0.320	0.444	0.367
Res52	0.462	0.361	0.245	0.270	0.500	0.654	0.181	0.279	0.316	0.256
SE32	0.505	0.410	0.765	0.218	0.326	0.403	0.929	0.366	0.412	0.693
SE33	0.305	0.387	0.506	0.232	0.230	0.227	0.854	0.260	0.308	0.476
TL34	0.382	0.421	0.272	0.439	0.350	0.342	0.319	0.829	0.480	0.351
TL36	0.337	0.413	0.232	0.392	0.381	0.327	0.288	0.888	0.435	0.272
TL37	0.331	0.432	0.307	0.378	0.389	0.296	0.303	0.897	0.430	0.288
TL38	0.343	0.420	0.292	0.389	0.323	0.321	0.376	0.866	0.364	0.278
TL39	0.366	0.455	0.275	0.435	0.393	0.376	0.315	0.907	0.415	0.299
TL40	0.355	0.387	0.287	0.355	0.359	0.357	0.299	0.901	0.344	0.276
TP9	0.525	0.638	0.372	0.470	0.444	0.507	0.386	0.464	0.847	0.446
TP10	0.510	0.660	0.357	0.415	0.470	0.531	0.349	0.382	0.863	0.435
TP11	0.430	0.573	0.288	0.370	0.384	0.433	0.295	0.354	0.798	0.340
TP12	0.488	0.613	0.351	0.353	0.441	0.451	0.316	0.343	0.857	0.357
TP13	0.371	0.564	0.309	0.406	0.379	0.327	0.301	0.377	0.730	0.342
TP14	0.466	0.727	0.334	0.538	0.468	0.486	0.371	0.391	0.846	0.385
Tec24	0.404	0.308	0.570	0.185	0.192	0.307	0.496	0.196	0.317	0.793
Tec25	0.542	0.490	0.606	0.276	0.319	0.456	0.543	0.315	0.481	0.814
Tec26	0.489	0.519	0.551	0.348	0.354	0.424	0.541	0.329	0.471	0.843
Tec27	0.421	0.415	0.618	0.256	0.226	0.344	0.560	0.242	0.339	0.847
Tec28	0.423	0.354	0.663	0.168	0.242	0.339	0.612	0.283	0.323	0.844
Tec29	0.421	0.352	0.691	0.205	0.247	0.341	0.613	0.273	0.353	0.858

Adp; adaptability, Cog; cognitive, Pro; proactivity, Res; resilience, SE; socio-emotional, Tec; technical.

Table A6. Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio.

	Adp	CP	Cog	EV	Pro	Res	SE	TL	TP	Tec
Adp
CP	0.618
Cog	0.625	0.479
EV	0.438	0.588	0.221
Pro	0.619	0.604	0.308	0.496
Res	0.895	0.630	0.493	0.462	0.669
SE	0.556	0.552	0.893	0.301	0.381	0.432
TL	0.440	0.528	0.352	0.484	0.445	0.430	0.417
TP	0.632	0.861	0.465	0.562	0.594	0.624	0.485	0.504
Tec	0.599	0.546	0.841	0.310	0.346	0.496	0.791	0.352	0.498

Adp: adaptability; Cog: cognitive; Pro: proactivity; Res: resilience; SE: socio-emotional; Tec: technical.

Table A7. Fornell & larcker criterion for higher-order constructs.

	CP	DL	EA	EV	TL	TP
CP	0.846
DL	0.506	0.899
EA	0.619	0.535	0.867
EV	0.531	0.278	0.483	0.908
TL	0.479	0.374	0.460	0.454	0.882
TP	0.766	0.479	0.635	0.520	0.470	0.825

Note. The square root of AVE is in bold and italicized.

Table A8. Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio for higher-order constructs.

	CP	DL	EA	EV	TL	TP
CP
DL	0.575
EA	0.728	0.618
EV	0.588	0.303	0.550
TL	0.528	0.410	0.520	0.484
TP	0.861	0.531	0.728	0.562	0.504

Table A9. Multicollinearity statistics (VIF) for indicators.

	VIF
Adp45	1.648
Adp46	3.421
Adp47	3.978
Adp48	2.096
CP15	2.300
CP16	2.430
CP17	2.147
CP18	1.784
Cog30	2.162
Cog31	2.162
EV19	4.688
EV20	4.732
EV21	2.735
EV23	3.836
Pro41	4.451
Pro42	4.853
Pro43	1.685
Pro44	1.434
Res49	3.597
Res50	3.667
Res51	2.123
Res52	1.428
SE32	1.561
SE33	1.561
TL34	2.509
TL36	3.519
TL37	3.759
TL38	3.110
TL39	4.438
TL40	4.565
TP9	2.457
TP10	2.720
TP11	2.213
TP12	2.821
TP13	1.754
TP14	2.475
Tec24	2.211
Tec25	2.426
Tec26	2.968
Tec27	2.923
Tec28	4.280
Tec29	4.784

Adp: adaptability; Cog: cognitive; Pro: proactivity; Res: resilience; SE: socio-emotional; Tec: technical.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8082042