The student entrepreneurial intention cloud: a review of reviews

Figures & data

Table 1. Search syntax and results.

Database	Search syntax
Web of Science	TS = ((‘institut*’ OR ‘higher education* institut*’ OR ‘education* institut*’ OR ‘education* organi?ation*’ OR ‘college*’ OR ‘universit*’ OR ‘high school*’ OR ‘secondary school*’) AND (‘Entrepreneur*’ OR ‘Enterpris*’) AND (‘Intent*’ OR ‘Propensity’ OR ‘Desire’ OR ‘Determination’ OR ‘Ambition’ OR ‘Aspiration’))
Scopus	TITLE-ABS-KEY ((‘institut*’ OR ‘higher education* institut*’ OR ‘education* institut*’ OR ‘education* organi?ation*’ OR ‘college*’ OR ‘universit*’ OR ‘high school*’ OR ‘secondary school*’) AND (‘Entrepreneur*’ OR ‘Enterpris*’) AND (‘Intent*’ OR ‘Propensity’ OR ‘Desire’ OR ‘Determination’ OR ‘Ambition’ OR ‘Aspiration’))

Table 2. Article inclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria
The review article focuses on factors influencing entrepreneurial intention (as the dependent variable)
The review article sample consists of articles focusing on (a) student sample(s)
The review article sample consists of articles focusing on tertiary (higher) or secondary education students

Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram of the search process.

Source: Adapted from Moher et al. (2009).

Table 3. Overview of included review papers.

Authors (year)	Title	Journal	Paper inclusion years	# of papers included	Factors included
					Contextual factors	Demographical factors	Social factors	Environmental factors	Educational factors	Cognitive factors	Personality factors
^1Al-Lawati et al. (2022)	Entrepreneurial culture in educational institutions: a scoping review	Cogent Business and Management	2003– 2021	94					X
^2Carpenter and Wilson (2022)	A systematic review looking at the effect of entrepreneurship education on higher education student	The International Journal of Management Education	2016– 2019	10		X			X	X	X
^3Kumar et al. (2022)	Entrepreneurial intention among university students: does family background matter? A narrative review	Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities	–	34		X
^4Maheshwari et al. (2022)	Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions: a systematic review (2005–2022) for future direction in theory and practice	Management Review Quarterly	2005–2022	290	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
^5Massouati and Abdelbaki (2022)	A review of the literature on factors that may influence entrepreneurial intention among university students	European Scientific Institute	–	25		X	X	X	X		X
^6Singh et al. (2022)	Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention among millennial generation in India: a review	International Journal of Business and General Management	–	–					X	X
^7Tingting et al. (2022)	A bibliometric analysis of college students’ entrepreneurial intention from 2000 to 2020: research trends and hotspots	Frontiers in Psychology	2000–2020	454	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
^8Aziz et al. (2021)	Role of educational institutions in influencing entrepreneurial intentions: a scoping review	Audit and Accounting Review	–	15					X
^9Gabbianelli et al. (2021)	An overview of students’ entrepreneurial intention antecedents	Piccola Impresa Small Business	2006–2020	127		X	X	X	X	X	X
^10Bazan et al. (2020)	A systematic literature review of the influence of the university’s environment and support system on the precursors of social entrepreneurial intention of students	Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship	2011–2018	28			X	X	X	X	X
^11Brune and Lutz (2020)	The effect of entrepreneurship education in schools on entrepreneurial outcomes: a systematic review	Management Review Quarterly	1997–2017	21		X			X
^12Ketemaw (2020)	Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in university graduating students, Ethiopia	International Research Journal of Science and Technology	2013–2019	16					X	X	X
^13Swarupa and Goyal (2020)	Entrepreneurial intentions of students: review of academic literature	International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research	2014–2019	100		X	X		X
^14Aamir et al. (2019)	A review of entrepreneurship education research in the special issues of Education plus Training journal	Education and Training	2011–2018	59					X
^15Aparicio et al. (2019)	Conceptual structure and perspectives on entrepreneurship education research: a bibliometric review	European Research on Management and Business Economics	1987–2017	325					X
^16Kaur and Bhinder (2019)	Influence of demographic factors on the entrepreneurial intentions: literature review in context of university students	Think India Journal	–	52		X	X	X		X
^17Huang-Saad et al. (2018)	Entrepreneurship assessment in higher education: a research review for engineering education researchers	Journal of Engineering Education	–	359					X
^18Nabi et al. (2017)	The impact of entrepreneurship education in higher education: a systematic review and research agenda	Academy of Management Learning and Education	2004–2016	159		X	X		X
^19Wu and Wu (2017)	A decade of entrepreneurship education in the Asia pacific for future directions in theory and practice	Management Decision	2007–2016	75		X			X		X
^20Bae et al. (2014)	The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: a meta-analytic review	Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice	–	73		X	X		X
^21Sivarajah and Achchuthan (2013)	Entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduates: review of literature	European Journal of Business and Management	–	–					X	X	X
^22Nabi and Liñán (2011)	Graduate entrepreneurship in the developing world: intentions, education and development	Education and Training	–	–				X	X	X	X
^23Pittaway and Cope (2007)	Entrepreneurship education a systematic review of the evidence	International Small Business Journal	–	–		X		X	X	X

Figure 2. Relationships stemming from contextual factors.Legend:

Light blue = Contextual factors.

Table 4. Articles focusing on contextual factors.

Authors (year)	Contextual factors
	Job satisfaction	Social status	Opportunities	Unemployment
^1Maheshwari et al. (2022)	X	X	X	X
^2Tingting et al. (2022)	X

Figure 3. Relationships stemming from demographical factors.Legend:

Pink = Demographical factors; Blue = Social factors; Green = Cognitive factors.

Table 5. Articles focusing on demographical factors.

Authors (year)	Demographical factors
	Family background	Gender	Age	Educational level	Education major	Nationality
^1Carpenter and Wilson (2022)	X		X
^2Kumar et al. (2022)	X
^3Maheshwari et al. (2022)		X	X	X	X	X
^4Massouati and Abdelbaki (2022)			X
^5Tingting et al. (2022)		X
^6Gabbianelli et al. (2021)	X	X	X	X
^7Brune and Lutz (2020)		X	X
^8Swarupa and Goyal (2020)		X
^9Kaur and Bhinder (2019)	X	X	X		X
^10Nabi et al. (2017)	X	X				X
^11Wu and Wu (2017)	X	X
^12Bae et al. (2014)	X	X
^13Pitteway and Cope (2007)	X	X	X	X

Figure 4. Relationships stemming from social factors.Legend

: Blue = Social factors; Green = Cognitive factors; Orange = Personality factors.

Table 6. Articles focusing on social factors.

Authors (year)	Social factors
	Family support	Friends support	Moral obligation	Prior experience	Life experience	Country culture
^1Maheshwari et al. (2022)				X	X	X
^2Massouati and Abdelbaki (2022)	X	X		X		X
^3Tingting et al. (2022)	X	X	X
^4Gabbianelli et al. (2021)						X
^5Bazan et al. (2020)			X	X
^6Swarupa and Goyal (2020)	X
^7Kaur and Bhinder (2019)				X
^8Nabi et al. (2017)				X		X
^9Bae et al. (2014)						X

Figure 5. Relationships stemming from environmental factors.Legend:

Yellow = Environmental factors; Green = Cognitive factors.

Table 7. Articles focusing on environmental factors.

Authors (year)	Environmental factors
	Networking	Level of economic development	Institutional infrastructure	Business support	Human resources	Social capital	Government support	Country norms	Physical infrastructure	Legal institutions	Access to capital
^1Maheshwari et al. (2022)			X		X		X		X		X
^2Massouati and Abdelbaki (2022)				X
^3Tingting et al. (2022)		X
^4Gabbianelli et al. (2021)	X			X		X	X	X		X
^5Bazan et al. (2020)				X
^6Kaur and Bhinder (2019)
^7Nabi and Liñán (2011)		X
^8Pittaway and Cope (2007)				X

Figure 6. Relationships stemming from educational factors.Legend:

Purple = Educational factors; Green = Cognitive factors; Orange = Personality factors.

Table 8. Articles focusing on educational factors.

Authors (year)	Educational factors
	Entrepreneurial courses (curriculum)	Extracurricular activities	University supportive environment
^1Tingting et al. (2022)	X
^2Carpenter and Wilson (2022)	X	X
^3Maheshwari et al. (2022)	X	X	X
^4Massouati and Abdelbaki (2022)	X
^5Singh et al. (2022)	X
^6Al-Lawati et al. (2022)	X		X
^7Aziz et al. (2021)	X
^8Gabbianelli et al. (2021)	X		X
^9Bazan et al. (2020)	X
^10Brune and Lutz (2020)	X
^11Ketemaw (2020)	X
^12Swarupa and Goyal (2020)	X
^13Aamir et al. (2019)	X
^14Aparicio et al. (2019)	X
^15Huang-Saad et al. (2018)	X
^16Nabi et al. (2017)	X		X
^17Wu and Wu (2017)	X
^18Sivarajah and Achchuthan (2013)	X
^19Bae et al. (2014)	X
^20Nabi and Liñán (2011)	X
^21Pittaway and Cope (2007)	X

Figure 7. Relationships stemming from cognitive factors.Legend:

Green = Cognitive factors; Orange = Personality factors.

Table 9. Articles focusing on cognitive factors.

Authors (year)	Cognitive factors
	Personal attitude	Subjective norms	Perceived behavioural control	Perceived feasibility	Perceived desirability	Self-efficacy	Propensity to act	Expected value of starting a business	Perceived support and barriers	Perceived social support
^1Carpenter and Wilson (2022)						X
^2Maheshwari et al. (2022)	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
^3Singh et al. (2022)						X
^4Tingting et al. (2022)	X	X	X	X	X	X				X
^5Gabbianelli et al. (2021)	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
^6Bazan et al. (2020)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
^7Ketemaw (2020)	X	X	X
^8Kaur and Bhinder (2019)	X	X	X
^9Wu and Wu (2017)	X	X	X
^10Sivarajah and Achchuthan (2013)				X	X
^11Nabi and Liñán (2011)	X	X	X

Figure 8. Relationships stemming from personality factors.Legend

: Orange = Personality factors; Green = Cognitive factors.

Table 10. Articles focusing on personality factors.

Authors (year)	Personality factors
	Psychological traits	Opportunity recognition	Intrinsic motivation	Extrinsic motivation	Entrepreneurial skills	Need for achievement	Internal locus of control	Creativity /innovativeness	Individual personality patterns	Empathy	Need for autonomy	Outcome expectations	Stress tolerance	Risk propensity	Need for freedom	Openness to change	Abstract thinking	Need for power	Pro-activeness	Tolerance of ambiguity	Need for satisfaction	Desire for independence	Entrepreneurial identity
^1Carpenter and Wilson (2022)						X
^2Maheshwari et al. (2022)			X	X		X	X	X						X						X	X	X
^3Massouati and Abdelbaki (2022)			X	X				X			X			X	X			X
^4Tingting et al. (2022)						X	X	X		X		X		X		X
^5Gabbianelli et al. (2021)	X	X			X	X	X	X	X		X		X	X			X		X				X
^6Bazan et al. (2020)										X									X
^7Ketemaw (2020)						X	X
^8Wu and Wu (2017)							X
^9Sivarajah and Achchuthan (2013)						X	X	X			X			X						X
^10Nabi and Liñán (2011)														X

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Data availability statement

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during this study.