Green intellectual capital and green supply chain performance: do external pressures matter?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study framework model.

Table 1. Employees’ profile.

		Freq	%
Gender	Male	263	71.8
	Female	103	28.2
Educational Level	Diploma Degree	106	28.9
	Bachelor Degree	218	59.6
	Post-graduate Degree	42	11.5
Job	Manager/Head of Department	38	10.4
	Administrative Employee	127	34.7
	Nonadministrative Employee	201	54.9
Total		366	100

Table 2. Measurement model.

Scale Variables and Items	Outer Loading	alpha	CR	AVE	VIF
(GHC)		0.870	0.905	0.657
The employees of the firm possess ample functional and scientific skills in the realm of environmental protection.	0.834				3.052
Employees at the firm receive ongoing training to expand their environmental knowledge and skill sets.	0.773				2.239
The employees of the firm demonstrate good performance in environmental services.	0.824				2.425
The workforce of the company collaborates collectively as a cohesive team when engaging in environmental tasks and activities within the organization.	0.806				2.271
The employees of the firm are deemed more environmentally conscious compared to competitors from other companies.	0.814				2.215
(GSC)		0.864	0.897	0.592
Our firm employs an advanced management system for environmental protection	0.749				1.882
Our firm consistently invests in eco-friendly facilities.	0.782				2.297
Our firm uses effective processes that result in resource savings, contributing to environmental protection.	0.751				2.326
Our firm utilizes knowledge management systems to facilitate the sharing of environmental knowledge among employees.	0.732				1.993
Our firm uses databases to record employees’ environmental knowledge and experience.	0.828				2.153
Our firm records environmental-related intellectual property rights, including patents and software, as a means of storing knowledge.	0.772				1.874
(GRC)		0.842	0.888	0.616
When delivering its services, our company considers the environmental considerations of its customers.	0.760				1.612
Customers experience satisfaction when the firm provides environmentally friendly products.	0.849				2.236
Our company sustains lasting, environmentally oriented collaborative partnerships with its suppliers.	0.815				2.036
Our company nurtures enduring, environmentally oriented collaborative connections with both customers and guests.	0.678				1.482
Our company engages in active collaboration with external entities to foster the development of novel environmental innovations and improve practices that are environmentally friendly.	0.809				2.033
(EP)		0.875	0.910	0.671
Our firm has external pressures on enforcing environmental regulations and laws.	0.804				2.056
Our firm is interested in meeting the environmental expectations of local customers.	0.907				3.312
Our firm is interested in meeting the environmental expectations of foreign customers.	0.872				2.657
Our firm is interested in implementing the green strategies applied by other competing firms.	0.853				2.357
Our firm is interested in responding to complaints submitted by the community.	0.631				1.401
(GSCP)		0.927	0.943	0.735
Our firm’s management emphasizes the implementation of energy saving and recycling programs.	0.814				2.653
The management of our company encourages suppliers to continually improve their environmentally conscious transportation operations.	0.918				3.777
The management of our company consistently offers assistance and training to suppliers regarding environmental aspects and considerations.	0.898				3.596
Our firm’s management is interested in enhancing the level of communication with its customers and providing them with services in light of the latest environmental developments	0.870				3.169
The inventory level of our company has witnessed a decline over the recent period.	0.840				2.564
The expenses associated with procuring materials at our company have shown a decrease in the recent period.	0.795				2.235

Table 3. Cross-loadings indicators.

	EP	GHC	GRC	GSC	GSCP
EP-1	0.804	0.432	0.484	0.564	0.430
EP-2	0.907	0.544	0.589	0.638	0.628
EP-3	0.872	0.549	0.513	0.632	0.601
EP-4	0.853	0.489	0.604	0.551	0.578
EP-5	0.631	0.204	0.239	0.348	0.325
GHC-1	0.476	0.834	0.436	0.647	0.542
GHC-2	0.477	0.773	0.439	0.579	0.519
GHC-3	0.380	0.824	0.354	0.530	0.485
GHC-4	0.410	0.806	0.448	0.655	0.611
GHC-5	0.530	0.814	0.517	0.576	0.615
GRC-1	0.431	0.371	0.760	0.332	0.479
GRC-2	0.441	0.518	0.849	0.515	0.526
GRC-3	0.611	0.391	0.815	0.503	0.435
GRC-4	0.507	0.332	0.678	0.427	0.383
GRC-5	0.449	0.507	0.809	0.477	0.489
GSC-1	0.478	0.623	0.391	0.749	0.537
GSC-2	0.575	0.612	0.481	0.782	0.509
GSC-3	0.541	0.508	0.337	0.751	0.393
GSC-4	0.457	0.475	0.239	0.732	0.444
GSC-5	0.514	0.625	0.536	0.828	0.634
GSC-6	0.574	0.580	0.566	0.772	0.590
GSCP-1	0.580	0.639	0.499	0.628	0.814
GSCP-2	0.595	0.659	0.582	0.664	0.918
GSCP-3	0.600	0.617	0.547	0.608	0.898
GSCP-4	0.576	0.534	0.509	0.564	0.870
GSCP-5	0.476	0.577	0.492	0.611	0.840
GSCP-6	0.478	0.505	0.410	0.610	0.795

Table 4. Discriminant validity measures of scales.

	Fornell-Larcker					HTMT
	EP	GHC	GRC	GSC	GSCP	EP	GHC	GRC	GSC	GSCP
1. EP	0.819
2. GHC	0.564	0.810				0.619
3. GRC	0.614	0.547	0.785			0.703	0.626
4. GSC	0.681	0.764	0.574	0.770		0.769	0.837	0.648
5. GSCP	0.645	0.690	0.594	0.717	0.857	0.694	0.758	0.666	0.774

Figure 2. Research final model.

Table 5. Structural parameter estimates.

Hypotheses		Beta (β)	T- Statistics	Results
H-1	GHC -> GSCP	0.202***	2.945	Accepted
H-2	GSC -> GSCP	0.266***	3.640	Accepted
H-3	GRC -> GSCP	0.118***	2.455	Accepted
	EP -> GSCP	0.240***	2.648	Accepted
H-4	GHC × EP -> GSCP	−0.144*	2.116	Accepted
H-5	GSC × EP -> GSCP	0.008	0.094	Not Accepted
H-6	GRC × EP -> GSCP	−0.017	0.305	Not Accepted

Note: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05.

Figure 3. EP moderates the relationship between GHC and GSCP.

Figure 4. EP doesn’t moderate the relationship between GSC and GSCP.

Figure 5. EP doesn’t moderate the relationship between GRC and GSCP.

Data availability statement

Data are available upon request from researchers who meet the eligibility criteria. Kindly contact the corresponding author privately through e-mail.