An NSM-based contrastive semantic analysis of ‘strolling’ and ‘jogging’ in English and Arabic

Figures & data

Table 1. Definitions Provided for ‘Stroll’ by Merriam Webster (2022a), Cambridge Dictionary (2022a), Macmillan Dictionary (2007a), and Oxford Learner’s Dictionary (2022a).

Stroll (v.)	Definition	Dictionary
	‘to walk in a leisurely or idle manner: RAMBLE’ motion + purpose + manner	(Merriam Webster, 2022)
	‘to walk in a slow relaxed way, especially for pleasure’ motion + manner + purpose	(Cambridge Dictionary, 2022)
	‘to walk for pleasure and without hurrying’ motion + manner + purpose	(McMillan Dictionary, 2007, p.916)
	‘to walksomewhere in a slow relaxed way’ motion + manner + purpose	(Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, 2022)

Table 3. Definitions of ‘Yatanazzah’ in Mu’jam maqayis al-lughah (1979a), Lisān al-ʿArab (1993a), Mu’jam al-lughah al-’arabīyah al-mu’āṣirah (2008a)

Dictionary	Definition	‘yatanazzah’
(Mu’jam maqayis al-lughah, 1979, p.117) by Aḥmad Ibn Fāris al-Qazwīnī	.نَزَهَ) النُّونُ وَالزَّاءُ وَالْهَاءُ كَلِمَةٌ تَدُلُّ عَلَى بُعْدٍ فِي مَكَانٍ وَغَيْرِهِ )وَنَازِهُ النَّفْسِ: ظَلِفُهَا عَنِ الْمَدَانِسِ. قَالَ ابْنُ السِّكِّيتِ: خَرَجْنَا نَتَنَزَّهُ، إِذَا تَبَاعَدُوا عَنِ الْمَاءِ وَالرِّيفِ. وَمَكَانٌ نَزِيهٌ: خَلَاءٌ لَيْسَ بِهِ أَحَدٌ. /nazaha- ʔal-nuːnu wa-ʔal-zaːʔu wa-ʔal-haːʔu kalimatun tadullu ʕalaː buʕdin fiː makaːnin waɣajɾihiwanaːzihu ʔal-nafsi ðˤalifuhaː ʕani ʔal-madaːnisi qaːla aːbnu ʔal-sikkiːti xaɾaʤnaː natanazzahu ʔiðaː tabaːʕaduː ʕani ʔalmaːʔi wa-ʔal-ɾiːfi wamakaːnun naziːhun xalaːʔun lajsa bihi ʔaħadun/(Brierley et al., 2016)
(Lisān al-ʿArab, 1993, p.549) by ibn Manzūr	النُّزْهَةُ: معروفة. والتَّنَزُّهُ: التباعد، والإسم النُّزْهةُ. ومكانٌ نَزِهٌ ونَزِيهٌ، وقد نَزِهَ نَزَاهَةً ونَزَاهِيةً، وقد نَزِهَتِ الأَرضُ،بالكسر وأَرضٌ نَزْهَةٌ ونَزِهَةٌ بعيدة عَذْبَةٌ نائية من الأَنْداءِ والمياهِ والغَمَقِ. الجوهري: وخرجنا نتَنَزَّهُ في الرِّياضِ، وأَصله من البُعْدِ، وقد نَزِهَتِ الأَرضُ،بالكسر. ويقال: ظِللْنا مُتَنَزِّهِينَ إذا تباعدوا عن المياه. /ʔal-nuzhatu maʕɾwfatun. wa-ʔal-tanazzuhu ʔaltbaːʕd wa-ʔal-ʔism ʔal-nuzhtuwmkaːnun nazihun wnaziːhun wqd naziha nazaːhatan wnazaːhiːtan wqd nazihati ʔal-ʔaɾdˤubaːlksɾ wʔaɾdˤun nazhatun wnazihatun bʕjdt ʕaðbatun naːʔjt mn ʔalʔandaːʔi wa-ʔal-mjaːhi wa-ʔal-ɣamaqiʔal-ʤwhɾj wxɾʤnaː ntanazzahu fj ʔal-ɾijaːdˤi wʔasˤlh mn ʔal-buʕdi wqd nazihati ʔal-ʔaɾdˤubaːlksɾwjqaːl ðˤillnaː mutanazzihiːna ʔiðaː tbaːʕdwaː ʕn ʔalmjaːh/(Brierley et al., 2016)
(Mu’jam al-lughah al-’arabīyah al-mu’āṣirah, 2008, p.2198) by Ahmed Mukhtar Omar	نُزْهة : جمع نُزُهات ونُزْهات ونُزَه: خروج إلى الهواء الطلق أو إلى أماكن التَّرفيه والتَّسلية للتَّرويح عن النَّفس وتجديد الطَّاقة :-خصّصت الأسرةُ عشيَّة الجُمُعة للنُّزهة. /nuzhatun : ʤamʕu nazihaːtin wanazahaːtin wanazahun xuɾuːʤun ʔilaː ʔalhawaːʔi ʔal-tˤalqi ʔaw ʔilaː ʔamaːkini ʔal-taɾfiːhi wa-ʔal-taslijati li-ʔal-taɾwiːħi ʕan ʔal-nafsi wataʤdiːdi ʔal-tˤaːqati :-خُصِّصَتْ ʔal-ʔusɾatu ʕaʃijjata ʔal-ʤumuʕati li-ʔal-nuzhati/(Brierley et al., 2016)

Table

[A] Strolling (a form of walking): I am strolling I am doing something somewhere for some time because of this, I am moving in this place during this time as I want	Lexicosyntactic Frame
often when I do this in a place, it is like this: I want to think or feel good I am somewhere else after some time this somewhere else is not near the place where I am now	Prototypical Scenario
when I do this, I move these legs [m] of mine more slowly [m]like I am slowly walking many times like this these feet [m] of mine touch the ground [m] many times in many places when this happens, it happens like this: one foot [m] of mine touches the ground [m] somewhere for a long time not like walking at this moment, the other foot [m] of mine moves slowly above the ground [m] after this, this foot [m] of mine is in front [m] of my body now, this foot touches the ground [m] somewhere else for some time after this happens, the other foot [m] of mine moves in the same way because of this, my body is in front[m] of the place where it was before	Manner
if I do this many times for some time: I am now far from the place where I was before because of this, I feel good, I think good	Potential Outcome

Table 2. Definitions Provided for ‘Jog’ by Merriam Webster (2022b), Cambridge Dictionary (2022b), Macmillan Dictionary (2007b), and Oxford Learner’s Dictionary (2022b).

Jog (v.)	Definition	Dictionary
	(1) ’to run or ride at a slow trot’ (2) ‘to go at a slow, leisurely, or monotonous pace: TRUDGE’	(Merriam Webster, 2022)
	(3) ‘to run at a slow, regular speed, especially as a form of exercise’	(Cambridge Dictionary, 2022)
	(4) ‘to run at a slow steady speed, usually for exercise or pleasure’	(McMillan Dictionary, 2007, p.812),
	(5) ’to run slowly and steadily for a long time, especially for exercise’	(Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, 2022)

Table

[B] Jogging (slow running): I am jogging I am doing something somewhere for some time because of this, I am moving in this place during this time as I want	Lexicosyntactic Frame
often when I do this in a place, it is like this: I want to think or feel good I am somewhere else after a short time this somewhere else is not near to the place where I am now	Prototypical Scenario
when I do this, I move these legs [m] of mine not quickly [m], not slowly [m] many times these feet [m] of mine touch the ground [m] many times in many places when this happens, it happens like this: at one moment one foot [m] of mine moves above the ground [m] for a short time, not like running now, this foot [m] of mine is in front [m] of my body after this, it touches the ground [m] for a very short time, not like running now, this foot [m] touches the ground [m] somewhere else for a moment after this, the other foot [m] of mine moves in the same way because of this, my body is in front [m] of the place where it was before	Manner
if I do this many times for a long time [m] not quickly [m], not slowly [m]: I am now very far from the place where I was before because of this, I feel good, I think good	Potential Outcome

Figure 1. Arabic counterparts for English Semantic Primes as proposed by AIBader.

Table

[C] yatanazzahu (strolling, going to a place far and vast): Someone is strolling or people are strolling. Someone does or people do something somewhere big and far for some time. because of this, this someone or these people are moving in this place during this time as this someone or these people want.	Lexicosyntactic Frame
often when someone does this or people do this in a place, it is like this: this someone or these people want to feel good - this someone or these people are somewhere else after some time. this somewhere else is not near the place where this someone or these people are now.	Prototypical Scenario
when someone or people do this, they move their legs [m] slowly [m] many times like this their feet [m] touch the ground [m] many times in many places when this happens: at this moment, the other foot [m] of this someone or these people moves above the ground [m] for some time - after this, this foot [m] of this someone or these people is in front [m] of their body now, this foot touches the ground [m] somewhere else after this happens, the other foot [m] of this someone or these people moves in the same way because of this, this someone’s or these people’s body is in front[m] of the place where they were before	Manner
if someone or these people do this many times for some time: They are now far from the place where they were before because of this, they feel good, they think good	Potential Outcome

Table 4. Definitions of ‘Yuharwil’ in Mu’jam maqayis al-lughah (1979b), Lisān al-ʿArab (1993b), Mu’jam al-lughah al-’arabīyah al-mu’āṣirah (2008b).

Dictionary	Definition	‘yuharwil’
(Mu’jam maqayis al-lughah, 1979, p.48) by Aḥmad Ibn Fāris al-Qazwīnī	(1).هَرَلَ) الْهَاءُ وَالرَّاءُ وَاللَّامُ. يَقُولُونَ: الْهَرْوَلَةُ بَيْنَ الْمَشْيِ وَالْعَدْوِ) /haɾala ʔalhaːʔu wa-ʔal-ɾaːʔu wa-ʔal-laːmu jaquːluːna ʔal-haɾwalatu bajna ʔal-maʃji wa-ʔal-ʕadwi/ (Brierley et al., 2016)
(Lisān al-ʿArab, 1993, p.595) by ibn Manzūr	(2) هرول الشَّخصُ أسرع في مشيه، جرى بين المشي والعَدْو :- هرول بينالصَّفا .والمروة، - خشي الوصول متأخّرًا فهرول /haɾwala ʔal-ʃaxsˤu ʔasɾaʕa fiː maʃjihi ʤaɾaː bajna ʔal-maʃji wa-ʔal-ʕadwi :- haɾwalu bajna ʔalsˤafaː wa-ʔal-maɾwati - xaʃija ʔal-wusˤuːla mutaʔaxxiɾan fahaɾwala/ (Brierley et al., 2016)
(Mu’jam al-lughah al-’arabīyah al-mu’āṣirah, 2008, p.2345) by Ahmed Mukhtar Omar	(3)الهَرْولة: بين العَدْوِ والمشي، وقيل: الهَرْولة بعد العَنَق،وقيل: الهَرْولة الإِسراع. الجوهري: الهرولة ضرْب من العَدْو وهو بين المشي والعَدْو. هَرْوَل الرجل هَرْولة: بين المشي والعَدْو، وقيل: الهَرْولة فوق المشي ودونالخبب، والخَبَبُ دون العَدْو ./ʔal-haɾwalatu bajna ʔal-ʕadwi wa-ʔal-maʃji waqiːla ʔal-haɾwalatu baʕda ʔal-ʕunuqiwaqiːla ʔal-haɾwalatu ʔalʔisɾaːʕu ʔal-ʤawhaɾijju ʔal-haɾwalatu dˤaɾbun min ʔal-ʕadwi wahuwa bajna ʔal-maʃji wa-ʔal-ʕadwihaɾwala ʔal-ɾaʤulu haɾwalatan bajna ʔal-maʃji wa-ʔal-ʕadwi waqiːla ʔal-haɾwalatu fawqa ʔal-maʃji waduːna ʔal-xababi wa-ʔal-xababu duːna ʔal-ʕadwi/ (Brierley et al., 2016)

Table

[C] yuharwilu (jogging, neither walking nor running): Someone is jogging. Someone is doing something somewhere for some time because of this, this someone is moving in this place during this time as he/she wants.	Lexicosyntactic Frame
often when someone does this in a place, it is like this: This someone is somewhere else after a short time This somewhere else is not near to the place where he/she is now	Prototypical Scenario
when someone does this, he/she moves his/her legs [m] quickly [m] many times this someone’s feet [m] touch the ground [m] many times in many places when someone does this, he/she moves these legs [m] not quickly [m], not slowly [m] many times their feet [m] touch the ground [m] many times in many places when this happens, it happens like this: at one moment one foot [m] moves above the ground [m] for a short time now, this foot [m] is in front [m] of my body after this, it touches the ground [m] for a short time now, this foot [m] touches the ground [m] somewhere else after this, the other foot [m] moves in the same way because of this, this someone’s body is in front [m] of the place where it was before	Manner
if someone does this many times for a long time [m]: this someone is now very far from the place where they were before	Potential Outcome

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