Renewable energy initiatives by corporates and sustainable development – a mediation analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model.

Figure 2. Conceptual model on research methodology.

Source: Authors compiled.

Table 1. Item generation and sources.

Concept	Dimensions	Items	Criteria/Description	Source
Impact Renewable Energy Initiatives of Corporates on Sustainable Development	Need for Renewable energy initiatives by Corporates	NREI1	Renewable energy initiative is needed to have a cleaner and healthier environment.	Bekun et al. (2021)
		NREI2	The renewable energy initiative aligns with the company’s CSR goals.	Rangan et al. (2015)
		NREI3	It enhances the company’s reputation	Issa and Hanaysha (2023)
		NREI4	It is required to reduce and maintain the cost	Stram (2016)
		NREI5	Renewable energy initiatives ensure energy security	Valentine (2011)
		NREI6	It improves innovation	He et al. (2021)
		NREI7	It leads to a competitive advantage	Amran and Muhtazaruddin (2019)
		NREI8	Embracing renewable energy initiatives can help companies comply with the regulations and avoid potential penalties.	Punitha and Rasdi (2013)
		NREI9	It is needed to have long-term stability	Adebayo (2022)
		NREI10	Renewable energy initiatives are required to improve employee morale and attract and retain top talent.	Davidescu et al. (2020)
		NREI11	By investing in renewable energy measures, companies can build resilience against climate-related risks	S.Y et al. (2022)
		NREI12	Renewable energy initiatives provide opportunities for companies to collaborate with governments, NGOs, and other organizations to work towards a shared goal of sustainable development.	Palit (2013)
	Environmental aspects of Renewable energy initiatives by Corporates	ENIREI1	Renewable energy reduces the overall contribution to global warming and climate change.	Omer (2008)
		ENIREI2	Renewables improve air quality and reduce smog, leading to better respiratory health.	Ali et al. (2019)
		ENIREI3	It helps conserve water resources, particularly in water-stressed regions.	Farrar et al. (2022)
		ENIREI4	It will minimize habitat destruction and land degradation, preserving natural ecosystems.	Gill (2005)
		ENIREI5	Renewable energy initiatives support biodiversity conservation and protect vulnerable species and ecosystems.	Gasparatos et al. (2017)
		ENIREI6	Investing in renewable energy initiatives helps build resilience to climate change by reducing vulnerability to extreme weather events	Ouyang et al. (2023); Magazzino (2018)
		ENIREI7	Renewable energy technologies produce little noise pollution, minimizing disruptions to local communities and wildlife.	Shannon et al. (2016); Pratiwi et al. (2020)
		ENIREI8	Renewable energy initiatives can bring energy access to remote and underserved regions and thus promote global energy justice and provide sustainable solutions.	Hsiang et al. (2017); Maxim, et al. (2022)
	Social aspects of Renewable energy initiatives by Corporates	SIREI1	Improved public health, lower healthcare costs, and an overall better quality of life for communities.	Hartwig & Sturm (2014); Cooper (2009)
		SIREI2	Renewable energy initiatives create a significant number of jobs across various sectors help revitalize local economies and reduce unemployment rates.	Stanef-Puică et al. (2022); Ross et al. (2022)
		SIREI3	It empowers communities, provides additional revenue streams, and funds local development projects, thereby leading to community development	Zahnd (2014); Nordberg et al., (2020); Ashiq et al. (2023)
		SIREI4	It can help lower energy costs for consumers, making energy more affordable and reducing energy poverty since it is more cost-effective.	Stephane et al. ; Adom et al. 2021)
		SIREI5	It becomes an inspiration and leads to behaviour change	Kumar and Majid (2020)
		SIREI6	Renewable energy initiatives create opportunities for educational programs and skill development in related fields.	Hugo et al.; Seetharaman et al. (2016)
		SIREI7	It helps reduce environmental degradation	Cosimo et al. (2022); Zhaohua et al. (2023)
		SIREI8	Investing in renewable energy reduces a nation’s reliance on imported fossil fuels	Khan et al. (2023); Romain and Flavio
	Economic aspects of Renewable energy initiatives by Corporates	ECIREI1	The renewable energy sector generates a considerable number of jobs across various sectors and stimulates economic growth.	McCollum et al. (2017); McCollum et al. (2018)
		ECIREI2	Renewable energy initiatives attract investments from both public and private sectors.	Vakulchuk et al. (2023)
		ECIREI3	Shifting to renewable energy can decrease the need for subsidies provided.	Sikandar et al. (2021); Abdmouleh et al. (2015)
		ECIREI4	Companies that excel in renewable energy technologies can export their expertise and products to other nations, creating a new source of export revenue.	Anna (2002)
		ECIREI5	Investing in renewable energy helps mitigate climate change and reduces the costs associated with more severe climate impacts in the future.	Osman et al. (2023)
		ECIREI6	The healthcare system will experience cost savings due to decreased medical treatment requirements.	Farrell and Grieg (2018)
		ECIREI7	Renewable energy prices tend to be more stable and predictable over the long term.	Ellabban et al. (2014)
		ECIREI8	It leads to increased energy efficiency	Ilhan (2013)
	The overall impact of Renewable energy initiatives by corporations on Sustainable development	IREI1	It creates jobs and can lead to shifts in the labour market and attract a diverse workforce.	Dominish et al. (2019)
		IREI2	Renewable energy projects influence population distribution by leading to increased urbanization in areas with suitable resources for renewable energy generation.	Tomasz et al. ; Ritu et al. (2018)
		IREI3	Investment in renewable energy leads to growth in per capita income as people move to these areas for better economic prospects.	IEA and IRENA (2017)
		IREI4	The transition to renewable energy can lead to shifts in population due to changes in job opportunities.	Babaremu et al. (2022)
		IREI5	Cleaner environments can attract and retain residents, leading to demographic changes over time.	Baloch et al. (2023)
		IREI6	Renewable energy projects provide new income streams for rural communities resulting in Rural Revitalization	Prados et al. (2021); Laura et al. (2020)
		IREI7	It leads to increased investment in education and research, attracting students and professionals and potentially affecting demographics.	Wang et al. (2022); Prados et al. (2021)
		IREI8	It helps to have good International Relations	Xiying et al. (2022)

Source: Authors compiled.

Table 2. Profile of participants.

Profile	Classification	No. of respondents	Percentage
Gender	Male	193	76.28
	Female	60	23.72
	Total	253	100.00
Age	Below 25 years	117	46.25
	25–35	72	28.46
	35–45	32	12.65
	45–55	23	9.09
	55 years and above	9	3.56
	Total	253	100.00
Position	Production manager	33	13.04
	Service manager	18	7.11
	Other administrative position	88	34.78
	Academicians	114	45.06
	Total	253	100.00
Experience	Less than 10 years	174	68.77
	10–20	50	19.76
	20–30	22	8.70
	30 years and above	7	2.77
	Total	253	100.00
Experience/Knowledge of renewable energy initiatives	Solar energy	94	37.15
	Wind energy initiatives	58	22.92
	Solar and wind power	5	1.98
	Hydro	68	26.88
	Biopower	14	5.53
	Nuclear	6	2.37
	Municipal solid waste energy initiative	8	3.17
	Total	253	100.00

Source: Survey Data.

Table 3. Reliability and validity.

Dimensions	Items	λ	Alpha	CR	AVE	VIF
Need for Renewable energy initiatives by Corporates	NREI1	.698	0.853	0.913	0.585	2.439
	NREI2	.819
	NREI3	.762
	NREI4	.709
	NREI5	.758
	NREI6	.780
	NREI7	.757
	NREI8	.675
	NREI9	.650
	NREI10	.612
	NREI11	.660
	NREI12	.750
Environmental aspects of Renewable energy initiatives by Corporates	ENIREI1	.755	0.816	0.854	0.569	2.333
	ENIREI2	.772
	ENIREI3	.657
	ENIREI4	.665
	ENIREI5	.694
	ENIREI6	.678
	ENIREI7	.602
	ENIREI8	.718
Social aspects of Renewable energy initiatives by Corporates	SIREI1	.720	0.873	0.875	0.631	1.415
	SIREI2	.674
	SIREI3	.718
	SIREI4	.655
	SIREI5	.700
	SIREI6	.711
	SIREI7	.599
	SIREI8	.763
Economic aspects of Renewable energy initiatives by Corporates	ECIREI1	.665	761	723	0.4950	1.9802
	ECIREI2	.754
	ECIREI3	.644
	ECIREI4	.688
	ECIREI5	.741
	ECIREI6	.709
	ECIREI7	.763
	ECIREI8	.620
The overall impact of Renewable energy initiatives by corporations on Sustainable development	IREI1	.758	812	788	0.622	1.632
	IREI2	.728
	IREI3	.652
	IREI4	.757
	IREI5	.651
	IREI6	.738
	IREI7	.756
	IREI8	.792

Source: Authors compiled.

Table 4. Discriminant validity using the criterion by Fornell & Larcker and the Heterotrait-Monotrait Method (HTMT).

	NREI	ENIRE	SIRE	ECIRE	IREI
NREI	0.816
ENIRE	0.418	0.753
SIRE	0.367	0.558	0.744
ECIRE	0.751	0.456	0.547	0.678
IREI	0.647	0.621	0.652	0.519	0.847

Source: Authors compiled.

Values which are bold and italic are discriminant values

Table 5. Need for renewable energy initiatives by corporates (NREI).

Statements	N	Df	Mean	Std. deviation	t-Value	p-Value
NREI1	253	252	4.00	1.266	12.562	.001
NREI2	253	252	3.81	1.149	11.214	.001
NREI3	253	252	3.82	1.161	11.210	.001
NREI4	253	252	3.79	1.171	10.795	.001
NREI5	253	252	3.78	1.170	10.638	.001
NREI6	253	252	3.92	1.110	13.198	.001
NREI7	253	252	3.87	1.133	12.153	.001
NREI8	253	252	3.78	1.019	12.156	.001
NREI9	253	252	3.87	1.115	12.346	.001
NREI10	253	252	3.70	1.118	10.013	.001
NREI11	253	252	3.85	1.106	12.221	.001
NREI12	253	252	3.83	1.209	10.868	.001

Source: Authors compiled.

Table 6. Environmental aspects of renewable energy initiatives by corporates.

Statements	N	Df	Mean	Std. deviation	t-Value	p-Value
ENIREI1	253	252	3.85	1.157	11.733	.001
ENIREI2	253	252	4.00	1.100	14.515	.001
ENIREI3	253	252	3.84	1.169	11.402	.001
ENIREI4	253	252	3.81	1.164	11.017	.001
ENIREI5	253	252	3.89	1.128	12.535	.001
ENIREI6	253	252	3.84	1.126	11.890	.001
ENIREI7	253	252	3.76	1.106	10.913	.001
ENIREI8	253	252	3.84	1.077	12.374	.001

Source: Authors compiled.

Table 7. Social aspects of renewable energy initiatives by corporates.

Statements	N	Df	Mean	Std. deviation	t-Value	p-Value
SIREI1	253	252	3.68	1.154	9.318	.001
SIREI2	253	252	3.73	1.109	10.427	.001
SIREI3	253	252	3.79	1.064	11.876	.001
SIREI4	253	252	3.76	1.057	11.475	.001
SIREI5	253	252	3.80	1.070	11.865	.001
SIREI6	253	252	3.87	1.076	12.909	.001
SIREI7	253	252	3.94	1.093	13.743	.001
SIREI8	253	252	3.93	1.040	14.202	.001

Source: Authors compiled.

Table 8. Economic aspects of renewable energy initiatives by corporates.

Statements	N	Df	Mean	Std. deviation	t-Value	p-Value
ECIREI1	253	252	3.83	1.126	11.722	.001
ECIREI2	253	252	3.72	1.094	10.403	.001
ECIREI3	253	252	3.69	1.109	9.920	.001
ECIREI4	253	252	3.78	1.101	11.247	.001
ECIREI5	253	252	3.82	1.100	11.887	.001
ECIREI6	253	252	3.76	1.134	10.641	.001
ECIREI7	253	252	3.90	1.088	13.170	.001
ECIREI8	253	252	3.93	1.054	14.079	.001

Source: Authors compiled.

Table 9. The overall impact of renewable energy initiatives by corporates on sustainable development.

Statements	N	Df	Mean	Std. deviation	t-Value	p-Value
IREI1	253	252	3.65	1.171	8.803	.001
IREI2	253	252	3.68	1.146	9.494	.001
IREI3	253	252	3.67	1.140	9.371	.001
IREI4	253	252	3.70	1.082	10.347	.001
IREI5	253	252	3.74	1.204	9.713	.001
IREI6	253	252	3.81	1.178	10.890	.001
IREI7	253	252	3.72	1.159	9.925	.001
IREI8	253	252	3.82	1.052	12.428	.001

Source: Authors compiled.

Table 10. Direct relationship (H1–H5).

Path	β	t-Value	p-Value
H1: REI > SD	.144	2.595	.001
H2a: REI > ENVT	.732	19.311	.001
H2b: REI > SOCT	.306	6.950	.001
H2c: REI > ECON	.189	5.036	.001
H3a: ENVT > SD	.137	2.170	.030
H3b: SOCT > SD	.384	4.064	.001
H3c: ECON > SD	.257	3.048	.002
H4: ENVT > SOCT	.521	11.215	.001
H5: SOCT > ECON	.756	17.683	.001

Source: Authors compiled.

Figure 3. Tested model.

Source: SPSS AMOS 2022.

Table 11. Mediation analysis (H6).

Path	β	t-Value	p-Value
H6a: REI > ENVT > SD	.100	3.504	.001
H6b: REI > SOCT > SD	.118	2.789	.001
H6c: REI > ECON > SD	.049	4.150	.001

Source: Authors compiled.

Table

Need for renewable energy initiatives:
Statements	5	4	3	2	1
Renewable energy initiative is needed to have a cleaner and healthier environment
Renewable energy initiative aligns with company’s CSR goals
It enhances the company’s reputation
It is required to reduce and maintain the cost
Renewable energy initiatives ensure energy security
It improves innovation
It leads to competitive advantage
Embracing renewable energy initiatives can help companies comply with the regulations and avoid potential penalties
It is needed to have long term stability
Renewable energy initiatives is required to improve employee morale and attract and retain top talent.
Investing in renewable energy measures, companies can build resilience against climate related risks
Renewable energy initiatives provide opportunities for companies to collaborate with governments, NGOs, and other organizations to work towards a shared goal of sustainable development
Environmental Impact of Renewable energy initiatives:
Renewable energy reduces the overall contribution to global warming and climate change.
Renewables improves air quality and reduces smog, leading to better respiratory health.
It helps conserve water resources, particularly in water-stressed regions.
It will minimize habitat destruction and land degradation, preserving natural ecosystems.
Renewable energy initiatives support biodiversity conservation and protect vulnerable species and ecosystems.
Investing in renewable energy initiatives helps build resilience to climate change by reducing vulnerability to extreme weather events
Renewable energy technologies produce little noise pollution, minimizing disruptions to local communities and wildlife.
Renewable energy initiatives can bring energy access to remote and underserved regions and thus promote global energy justice and provide sustainable solutions.
Social Impact of Renewable energy initiatives:
Renewable energy initiatives create a significant number of jobs across various sectors, and help revitalize local economies and reduce unemployment rates.
It empowers communities, provide additional revenue streams, and fund local development projects, thereby leads to the community development
It can help lower energy costs for consumers, making energy more affordable and reducing energy poverty since it is more cost effective.
It becomes an inspiration and leads to behaviour change
Renewable energy initiatives create opportunities for educational programs and skill development in related fields.
It helps in reduced environmental degradation
Investing in renewable energy reduces a nation’s reliance on imported fossil fuels
Economic impact of renewable energy initiatives:
The renewable energy sector generates a considerable number of jobs across various sectors and so stimulates economic growth.
Renewable energy initiatives attract investments from both public and private sectors.
Shifting to renewable energy can decrease the need for subsidies provided.
Companies that excel in renewable energy technologies can export their expertise and products to other nations, creating a new source of export revenue.
Investing in renewable energy helps mitigate climate change and reduces the costs associated with more severe climate impacts in the future.
Healthcare system will experience cost savings due to decreased medical treatment requirements.
Renewable energy prices tend to be more stable and predictable over the long term.
It leads to increased energy efficiency
Impact of Renewable energy initiatives:
It creates job and can lead to shifts in the labor market and attract a diverse workforce.
Renewable energy projects influence population distribution by leading to increased urbanization in areas with suitable resources for renewable energy generation.
Investment in renewable energy leads to population growth as people move to these areas for better economic prospects.
The transition to renewable energy can lead to shifts in population due to changes in job opportunities.
Cleaner environments can attract and retain residents, leading to demographic changes over time.
Renewable energy projects provide new income streams for rural communities resulting in Rural Revitalization
It leads to increased investment in education and research and thereby attracting students and professionals and potentially affecting demographics
It helps to have good International Relations

Bekun, F. V., Alola, A. A., Gyamfi, B. A., & Ampomah, A. B. (2021). The environmental aspects of conventional and clean energy policy in sub-Saharan Africa: Is the N-shaped hypothesis valid? Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 28(47), 66695–66708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14758-w

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rangan, K., Chase, L., & Karim, S. (2015). The truth about CSR. Harvard Business Review, 93(1/2), 40–49.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Issa, A., & Hanaysha, J. R. (2023). Powering profits: How renewable energy boosts financial performance in European non-financial companies. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 31(4), 600–622. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-03-2023-0055

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stram, B. N. (2016). Key challenges to expanding renewable energy. Energy Policy, 96, 728–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.034

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Valentine, S. V. (2011). Emerging symbiosis: Renewable energy and energy security. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4572–4578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.095

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

He, A., Xue, Q., Zhao, R., & Wang, D. (2021). Renewable energy technological innovation, market forces, and carbon emission efficiency. The Science of the Total Environment, 796, 148908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148908

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Amran, M. E., & Muhtazaruddin, M. N. (2019). Renewable energy optimization review: variables towards competitive advantage in green building development. Progress in Energy and Environment, 8, 1–15.

 Google Scholar

Punitha, S., & Rasdi, R. M. (2013). Corporate social responsibility: Adoption of green marketing by the hotel industry. Asian Social Science, 9(17), 79. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n17p79

 Google Scholar

Adebayo, T. S. (2022). Renewable energy consumption and environmental sustainability in Canada: does political stability make a difference? Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 29(40), 61307–61322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20008-4

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Davidescu, A. A., Apostu, S. A., Paul, A and., & Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work flexibility, job satisfaction, and job performance among Romanian employees—Implications for sustainable human resource management. Sustainability, 12(15), 6086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156086

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Palit, D. (2013). Solar energy programs for rural electrification: Experiences and lessons from South Asia. Energy for Sustainable Development, 17(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.01.002

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Omer, A. M. (2008). Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9), 2265–2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.05.001

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ali, Y., Razi, M., De Felice, F., Sabir, M., & Petrillo, A. (2019). A VIKOR-based approach for assessing the social, environmental, and economic effects of "smog" on human health. The Science of the Total Environment, 650(Pt 2), 2897–2905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.041

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Gill, A. B. (2005). Offshore renewable energy: ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(4), 605–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01060.x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gasparatos, A., Doll, C. N., Esteban, M., Ahmed, A., & Olang, T. A. (2017). Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 161–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ouyang, H., Tang, X., Zhang, R., Baklanov, A., Brasseur, G., Kumar, R., Han, Q., & Luo, Y. (2023). Resilience building and collaborative governance for climate change adaptation in response to a new state of more frequent and intense extreme weather events. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 14(1), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-023-00467-0

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Magazzino, C., Toma, P., Fusco, G., Valente, D., Petrosillo, I., Cronin, J., Anandarajah, G., & Dessens, O. (2018). Climate change impacts on the energy system: a review of trends and gaps. Climatic Change, 151(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2265-4

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shannon, G., McKenna, M. F., Angeloni, L. M., Crooks, K. R., Fristrup, K. M., Brown, E., Warner, K. A., Nelson, M. D., White, C., Briggs, J., McFarland, S., & Wittemyer, G. (2016). A synthesis of two decades of research documenting the effects of noise on wildlife. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 91(4), 982–1005. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12207

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pratiwi, S., & Juerges, N. (2020). Review of the impact of renewable energy development on the environment and nature conservation in Southeast Asia. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 5(4), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00166-2

 Google Scholar

Hsiang, S., Kopp, R., Jina, A., Rising, J., Delgado, M., Mohan, S., Rasmussen, D. J., Muir-Wood, R., Wilson, P., Oppenheimer, M., Larsen, K., & Houser, T. (2017). Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Science, 356(6345), 1362–1369. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4369

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Maxim, A., & Grubert, E. (2022). Anticipating climate-related changes to residential energy burden in the United States: Advance planning for equity and resilience. Environmental Justice, 15(3), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0056

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hartwig, J., & Sturm, J. E. (2014). Robust determinants of health care expenditure growth. Applied Economics, 46(36), 4455–4474. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.964829

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cooper, R. A. (2009). States with more health care spending have better-quality health care: Lessons about Medicare: Healthcare spending is an important contributor to quality, but the determinants of quality reach more deeply into. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 28(1), w103–w115. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.w103

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stanef-Puică, M.-R., Badea, L., Șerban-Oprescu, G.-L., Șerban-Oprescu, A.-T., Frâncu, L.-G., & Crețu, A. (2022). Green jobs—A literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7998.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137998

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ross, E., Day, M., Ivanova, C., McLeod, A., & Lockshin, J. (2022). Intersections of disadvantaged communities and renewable energy potential: Data set and analysis to inform equitable investment prioritization in the United States. Renewable Energy Focus, 41, 1–14.

 Google Scholar

Zahnd, A. (2014). The role of renewable energy technology in holistic community development. Springer Science & Business Media.

 Google Scholar

Nordberg, K., Mariussen, Å., & Virkkala, S. (2020). Community-driven social innovation and quadruple helix coordination in rural development. Case study on LEADER group Aktion Österbotten. Journal of Rural Studies, volume79Pages, 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.001

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ashiq, S., Ali, A., Siddique, H. M. A. & Sumaira. (2023). Impact of innovation on CO2 emissions in south Asian countries. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 12(2), 201–211.

 Google Scholar

Adom, P. K., Agradi, M., & Vezzulli, A. (2021). Energy efficiency-economic growth nexus: what is the role of income inequality? Journal of Cleaner Production, 310, 127382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127382

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kumar, J. C. R., & Majid, M. A. (2020). Renewable energy for sustainable development in India: Current status, future prospects, challenges, employment, and investment opportunities. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 10(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Seetharaman, A., Sandanaraj, L. L., Moorthy, M. K., & Saravanan, A. S. (2016). Enterprise framework for renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1368–1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.127

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Khan, H., Gupta, S., Kumar, V., & Kumar, B. (2023). Managing climate change risks and creating stakeholders’ value via sustainability-focused B2B brand strategies. Industrial Marketing Management, 115, 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.09.017

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

McCollum, D., Gomez Echeverri, L., Riahi, & K., Parkinson. (2017). SDG7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. In D. J. Griggs, M. Nilsson, A. Stevance, & D. McCollum (Eds.), A guide to SDG interactions: From science to implementation (pp. 127–173). International Council for Science.

 Google Scholar

McCollum, D. L., Echeverri, L. G., Busch, S., Pachauri, S., Parkinson, S., Rogelj, J., Krey, V., Minx, J. C., Nilsson, M., Stevance, A. S., & Riahi, K. (2018). Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages. Environmental Research Letters, 13(3), 033006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaafe3

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vakulchuk, R., Overland, I., & Suryadi, B. (2023). ASEAN’s energy transition: how to attract more investment in renewable energy. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 8(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-022-00261-6

 Google Scholar

Abdmouleh, Z., Alammari, R. A., & Gastli, A. (2015). Review of policies encouraging renewable energy integration & best practices. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.035

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Osman, A. I., Chen, L., Yang, M., Msigwa, G., Farghali, M., Fawzy, S., Rooney, D. W., & Yap, P.-S. (2023). Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21(2), 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01532-8

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Farrell, D., & Greig, F. (2018). On the rise: Out-of-pocket healthcare spending in 2017. JPMorgan Chase Institute. https://www.jpmorganchase.com/content/dam/jpmc/jpmorgan-chase-and-co/institute/pdf/institute-on-the-rise-report.pdf

 Google Scholar

Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H., & Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 748–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dominish, E., Briggs, C., Teske, S., & Mey, F. (2019). Just transition: Employment projections for the 2.0 C and 1.5 C scenarios. In Achieving the Paris climate agreement goals: Global and regional 100% renewable energy scenarios with non-energy GHG pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C (pp. 413–435). Springer.

 Google Scholar

Ritu, K. R., Wadhwani, A. K., & Rajoria, A. (2018). Techno-economic comparison of on grid and off grid hybrid WT/solar photo voltaic connected power generating unit using HOMER [Paper presentation]. 2018 International Conference on Advanced Computation and Telecommunication (ICACAT) (pp. 1–9). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACAT.2018.8933685

 Google Scholar

IRENA. (2017). Perspectives for the energy transition-investment needs for a low carbon system, chapter. https://www.irena.org/publications/2017/Mar/Perspectives-for-the-energy-transition-Investment-needs-for-a-low-carbon-energy-system4.

 Google Scholar

Babaremu, K., Olumba, N., Chris-Okoro, I., Chuckwuma, K., Jen, T. C., Oladijo, O., & Akinlabi, E. (2022). Overview of solar–wind hybrid products: Prominent challenges and possible solutions. Energies, 15(16), 6014. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166014

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Baloch, Q. B., Shah, S. N., Iqbal, N., Sheeraz, M., Asadullah, M., Mahar, S., & Khan, A. U. (2023). Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: A suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5917–5930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Prados, M. J., Pallarès-Blanch, M., García-Marín, R., & Valle, C. D. (2021). Renewable energy plants and business models: A new rural development perspective. Energies, 14(17), 5438. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175438

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang, Z., Le Hoa Pham, T., Wang, B., Hashemizadeh, A., Bui, Q., & Nawarathna, C. L. K. (2022). The simultaneous impact of education and financial development on renewable energy consumption: An investigation of Next-11 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 29(56), 85492–85509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21330-7

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Data availability statement

Data will be made available upon request.