The Status of Implementation Research in Exit and Post-Exit Human Trafficking Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. Summary of PRISMA process.

Table 1. Summary of Scoping Review Results.

	1	2	3	4	5	6
Author	Botha and Warria (2020)	Botha and Warria (2021)	Blakemore et al. (2019)	De Bruin Cardoso et al. (2020)	Emser and Francis (2017)	Hilson (2008)
STUDY DETAILS
Study type	Evaluation	Evaluation	Review	Hybrid study	Review	Hybrid study
Respondents	Social workers	Social workers	Senior UN personnel, child protection NGO staff, national mechanisms for child safeguarding staff	Partner agency staff	Counter-trafficking role players	Community leaders, ILO officers and state officials
Method	Interviews	Interviews	Interviews	Mid and end review questionnaires; Group discussions of program experience	Interviews	Interviews
Purpose	Explore service provision to progress understanding and development of after practices	Explore how social workers assist adult victims with rehabilitation and reintegration	Introduce a framework for child safeguarding from UN peacekeepers based on observational research and interviews with respondents	Reviewing impact of the Communities of Learning on partners’ learning regarding recovery and reintegration services	Analyze the “4P model” of counter-trafficking in South Africa using the KwaZulu-Natal intersectoral task team as a case study	Critical appraisal of ILO project to reduce child miners in Talensi-Nabdam, Ghana
INTERVENTION DETAILS
Setting	Long-term assistance shelters for adult sex trafficking survivors	Shelters for adult trafficking survivors	Community	Services that reintegrate children after trafficking	Provincial agency	Artisanal and small-scale mining industry
Country	South Africa	South Africa	Liberia	sub-Sahara Africa	South Africa	Ghana
EBP Name	NA	NA	None	Communities of Learning and the RISE Learning Network	Tsireledzani Programme	Operation Sunlight
EBP description	Generic social services	Generic long-term shelters for sex trafficking survivors	Framework for child safeguarding from sexual exploitation by peacekeeping forces	Promote partners’ capacity to reintegrate children and monitor this through facilitating their learning about tools and approaches	Create an enhanced coordinated cross-sector response to address HT	Child labor elimination through education program
Target population	Adult survivors of sex trafficking	Adult survivors of sex trafficking	UN peacekeeping forces and the local government	Members in the Communities of Learning in the Network	All victims of HT in the province	Child minors
	1	2	3	4	5	6
Author	Botha and Warria (2020)	Botha and Warria (2021)	Blakemore et al. (2019)	De Bruin Cardoso et al. (2020)	Emser and Francis (2017)	Hilson (2008)
Implementer	Registered social workers at registered shelters for adult female trafficking victims	Registered social workers at registered shelters for adult female trafficking victims		Family for Every Child, Retrek & International Center Research Child Sexual Exploitation, Violence and Trafficking (University of Bedfordshire)	KwaZulu-Natal human trafficking, prostitution, pornography and brothels task team (provincial government agency)
External funder	None reported	None reported		None reported	Previous funding from European Commission	International Labor Organization
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
Context	Long-term anti-trafficking shelters for female adults in South Africa	Long-term anti-trafficking shelters for female adults in South Africa	Communities in Liberia where UN peacekeepers are present	Initiative by two centers at the University of Bedfordshire aimed at providing training, tools and guidelines for reintegration (Sub-Sahara Africa, Latin America, Caribbeans)	Provincial agency in KwaZulu-Nata, South Africa	Small-scale artisanal mining communities in rural Talensi-Nabdam, Ghana
Implementation strategy	None reported	None reported	None reported	Creation of a flexible training and peer learning network	None reported	None reported
Barriers	Family/support system for reintegration; complex needs; costs	Client characteristics (lack of trust, trauma, difficulty with safety restrictions); Ethical challenges of violating rights vs providing security; clumsy judicial system that makes clients less resilient to re-trafficking or giving up on justice; lack of provider training	Disconnect between UN HQ and peacekeeping operations on the ground; murky accountability systems; inertia in unofficial organizational culture; poverty; Lack of resources to facilitate people’s participation in court system; inadequate and corrupt court system; reluctance of victims to report incidences	Lack of training and support for using reintegration and monitoring tools; lack of appropriate tool for specific agency	Institutional and funding constraints in the absence of comprehensive legislation and a national policy framework; lack of institutional cooperation and coordination; pervasive public official corruption	Acceptability low due to perceived unsustainability (too costly) and feasibility (too costly), and futility (pointless because no jobs, poor quality of education and parents unable to cope with additional costs)
IMPLEMENTATION OUTCOMES
Acceptability	Low (if clients feel they are “controlled” rather than “safe”); High (implementers)	Low (recipients); High (implementers)	High (in line with formal organizations goals and values)		High (implementers)	Low (parents, children and employers); High (international NGO and implementing partner)
Costs	High	High		Low	Low
	7	8	9	10	11	12
Author	Hilson (2010)	Lucio et al. (2020)	Sensoy Bahar et al. (2020)	Warria (2018)	Yeboah and Daniel (2021)	Zibagwe et al. (2013)
STUDY DETAILS
Study type	Hybrid study	Hybrid study	Study protocol	Evaluation	Evaluation	Review
Respondents	Government officials, project officers, parents, children and mine owners	Students	Parents and children	Child victims and service professionals from numerous sectors	Parents, NGO workers and NGO workshop attendee	NA
Method	Interviews and focus groups	Student products; post-course questions	Checklists, questionnaires, interviews	Interviews	Interviews: Parents from HCA workshops; Interviews and focus groups: NGO frontline workers; NGO workshop attendees (cocoa farmers and teachers)	NA
Purpose	Survey a range of local actors to understand why child mining persists, how it affects their education, and how to resolve it	Describe development of interprofessional course on HT	Address the need for interventions to prevent adolescent girls’ unaccompanied rural-to-urban migration for child labor	Identify challenges to assistance provision to child HT victims	Investigate practices of child-focused NGOs that align with international policies, models and best practices	Discuss how social programming needs to be child sensitive and the important of child labor saving assets
INTERVENTION DETAILS
Setting	Artisanal and small-scale mining industry	University	Family services	Shelters for trafficking children	Child-focused local NGOs: Help the Child Africa (HCA)	Community
Country	Ghana	“countries in Africa”	Ghana	South Africa	Ghana	Ethiopia
EBP Name	Operation Sunlight	Human Trafficking Course	Anzansi	NA	Goodchild Cocoa Project	Productive Safety Net Programme
EBP description	Child labor elimination through education program	Educational program	Family level financial empowerment and education about girls’ needs and potential	Generic “social services”	Generic “reduction of child labor”	Social Protection Programs.
	7	8	9	10	11	12
Author	Hilson (2010)	Lucio et al. (2020)	Sensoy Bahar et al. (2020)	Warria (2018)	Yeboah and Daniel (2021)	Zibagwe et al. (2013)
Target population	Child miners	Catholic sisters in the network	Families with daughters	Child victims, social workers, child protection advocacy officers, victim empowerment practitioners, researchers, a lawyer and a detective	Rural families with children working in cocoa plantations	Familes at risk of food insecurity
Implementer		Professors at the Saint Leo University	Faculty from Washington University, University of Ghana and University of California San Francisco working with local aid organizations and financial institutions	Governmental and nongovernmental organizations in South Africa	Help the Child Africa (local NGO)	Ethopian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
External Funder	International Labor Organization	Conrad N Hilton Foundation grant.	Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)	None reported	CocoaKing Europe and Cocoa for All	None reported
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
Context	Small-scale artisinal mining communities in rural Talensi-Nabdam, Ghana	Saint Leo University, Africa	Kayakei community at risk of having their daughters become unaccompanied child migrants in Ghana	Governmental and nongovernmental organizations in South Africa	Child-focused NGO, Help the Child Africa in Ashanti, Ghana	Recipients of the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia
Implementation strategy	NA	Collaboration with Catholic sisters	Family level financial empowerment and education about girls’ needs and potential	NA	NA	NA
	7	8	9	10	11	12
Author	Hilson (2010)	Lucio et al. (2020)	Sensoy Bahar et al. (2020)	Warria (2018)	Yeboah and Daniel (2021)	Zibagwe et al. (2013)
Barriers	Failure of program to deliver promised monies; poverty; lack of funds transfers; lack of planning; lack of understanding between recipients and implementers; inappropriate intervention due to lack of cultural and situational sensitivity. Parents valued education but subsistence needs were necessarily prioritized.	Difficulties inherent to interprofessional course development inherent to current academic culture and infrastructure; lack of local or cultural knowledge relevant to learners		Premature repatriation, complex needs of children, children finding intervention unacceptable due to safety restrictions and perception of better life with trafficker; costs	Parents: indigenous culture at odds with the rights of children promoted from UNCRC; Deliverers informed by values of childhood espoused by UNO and other organizations but out of touch with local cultural realities that inform childhood; Low level of resources	Poor timing of intervention; lack of child labor saving assets; assistance provided is insufficient
IMPLEMENTATION OUTCOMES
Acceptability	Low (parents, children and employers); High (international NGO and implementing partner)	High (recipients and implementers)	High (implementers)	Low (recipients); High (implementers)	Low (recipients); Implementers (high)
Costs		High		High	High	High

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