The role of philanthropy in financing climate change mitigation and adaptation in Canada: A systematic literature review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart for the literature selection strategy.

Table 1. Search terms.

Finance/Funding AND	Climate change AND	Context/geography
Philanthropy/philanthropic	Climate	Canada
NGO	Climate change
Fund/Funding	Climate justice
Finance/financing	Mitigation
Foundation	Adaptation
Charity/charitable

Articles selected included at least one term from each of the first two columns (related to finance/funding AND climate change), as well as including the term Canada. The search terms were structured to group each idea and its related terms in one search string instead of running a series of similar search strings in the following manner.

(charit* OR philanthrop* OR fund*) AND (“climate change” OR “global warming” OR “climate adaptation” OR “climate mitigation”) AND Canad*.

Quotation marks from the single-word search terms were removed since they are only needed to indicate when terms need to be searched together. Instead, an asterisk [*] was added to appropriate search terms to pull out all possible endings for these words, expanding the results.

Table 2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Criteria	Inclusion	Exclusion
Timeline	2000-30 April 2023	Before 2000
Document Type	Peer-reviewed (empirical data), case studies	Book chapters, book series, conference proceedings, correspondence, commentary, editorials, hearings, and personal communications
Language	English	Non-English
Regions	Canada	Countries outside of Canada

Table 3. Themes.

Article Title and Details	MI	AD	FD	RP	KA	FR	AE	P
Batrancea et al. (2020)								*
Colting-Stol (2020)	*	*	*
Carroll et al. (2021)			*		*	*	*
Baird et al. (2016)		*		*	*	*	*
Ardoin and Bowers (2012)			*				*
Ayers (2009)	*						*
Smith et al. (2011)	*	*			*	*	*	*
Schenker and Stephan (2014)							*
Dessai (2003)	*		*				*	*
Antimiani et al. (2017)		*					*	*
Salazar and Katigbak (2022)			*		*		*	*
Gulluscio et al. (2020)							*
Thomsen and Pritzker (2019)		*	*		*		*
Jensen and Dowlatabadi (2018)					*		*
Reeder et al. (2020)		*		*	*	*	*
Clark et al. (2018)			*
Sarkar & Leal (2010)			*
Nisbet (2018)			*
J. D. Ford, Berrang-Ford, et al. (2011)		*			*	*		*
J. D. Ford et al. (2010)			*		*			*
Squires (2022a)	*	*			*
Levett (2021)			*		*	*
Brechin and Espinoza (2017)			*		*	*
Michaelowa et al. (2020)					*	*
Campbell (2019)			*		*	*
Hossain (2022)	*	*	*	*	*	*	*

Source: Research data (2023).

Batrancea, I., Batrancea, L., Rathnaswamy, M. M., Tulai, H., Fatacean, G., & Rus, M. I. (2020). Greening the financial system in USA, Canada, and Brazil: A panel data analysis. Mathematics, 8(12), 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8122217

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Colting-Stol, J. (2020). Foundation and climate action: Exploratory research. Canadian Philanthropy Partnership Research Network. Montreal. Retrieved from Canadian Philanthropy Partnership Research Network repository.

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Carroll, W. K., Graham, N., & Shakespeare, M. (2021). Mapping the environmental field: Networks of foundations, ENGOs and think tanks. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 58(Issue 3), 284–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12349

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Ayers, J. (2009). International funding to support urban adaptation to climate change. Environment and Urbanization, 21(1), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809103021

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