Assessment of Nutrients Intake in Pediatrics with Type 1 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia in Jordan

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive, Clinical, Anthropometric and Biochemical for Participants with and without Dyslipidemia

Variable	Normolipidemic (n=57)	Dyslipidemic (n=33)	P-value
Gender	n (%)
Male	21 (36.8)	19 (57.6)	0.056
Female	36 (63.2)	14 (42.4)
Age Group
Children	6 (10.5)	4 (12.1)	0.044
Pre-Adolescents	34 (59.6)	11 (33.3)
Adolescents	17 (29.8)	18 (54.5)
	Mean ± SD
Age (years)	12.3±3.0	13.5±3.1	0.996
Duration of diseases (years)	3.9±3.2	4.0±2.5	0.015
Physical activity level scoring	2.0±0.51	1.96±0.53	0.795
Anthropometric measurement	(Mean± SD)
Weight (kg)	46.3±17.6	47.9±17.5	0.469
Height (cm)	146.4±22.3	148.8±15.7	0.326
BMI category*	n (%)
Underweight	1(1.8)	5(15.2)	0.012
Normal weight	40 (70.2)	13 (39.4)
Overweight	11 (19.3)	11 (33.3)
Obese	5(8.8)	4(12.1)
Types of insulin	n (%)
Rapid-acting	7(12.3)	0(0)	0.041
Pre-mixed	32(56.1)	17 (51.5)
Long acting	0(0)	2(6.1)
Rapid+ long	18 (31.6)	14 (42.4)
Doses of insulin	(Mean ±SD)
At morning	0.89±3.6	2.6 ±7.0	0.007
At breakfast	12.6±6.9	10.9 ±7.0	0.620
At lunch	14.1 ±7.2	12.6 ±7.9	0.626
At dinner	10.2 ±7.4	8.8 ±5.5	0.791
At bedtime	5.0 ±8.6	9.7 ±10.9	0.014
Total of insulin	42.7 ±19.9	44.5 ±19.9	0.450
Biochemical tests	(Mean ± SD)
HbA1c (%)	10.0±2.3	9.8±2.8	0.519
FBG (mg/dL)	162.9±95.6	177.4±101.1	0.474
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	156.3±24.3	189.4±42.3	0.001
LDL (mg/dL)	85.4±18.9	109.2±41.3	<0.001
HDL (mg/dL)	60.1±13.0	48.2±16.4	0.559
TG (mg/dL)	74.3±20.2	207.1±122.9	<0.001

Notes: *BMI was classified based on BMI-for-age CDC growth charts: Underweight = BMI %< 5; healthy weight ≥5 and <85; overweight ≥85 and<95; obese ≥ 95.¹⁵ Data are presented as either percentages or means± standard deviation and a P-value<0.05 indicates statistical significance.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1C; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; TG, Triglycerides.

Table 2 Daily Intake of Macronutrients of Normolipidemia and Dyslipidemia Participants with T1DM

Energy and Macronutrients	Normolipidemia (n= 57)	Dyslipidemia (n= 33)
	Median (1st −3rd Tertiles)	Median (1st −3rd Tertiles)	P-value*
Energy (kcal)	2451.7(2157.2–2667.3)	2428.9(2032.0–2781.0)	0.877
Fat (kcal/)	976.4(777.4–1120.9)	1045.4(834.9–1234.0)	0.461
Proteins (kcal)	82.1 (69.3–95.2)	90.1(79.6–101.3)	0.236
Carbohydrate (gm)	294.8(239.1–322.8)	267.8 (238.1–294.7)	0.196
Fibers (gm)	29.8(26.3–34.5)	24.9(20.1–30.8)	0.082
Soluble Fibers (gm)	3.0(2.4–4.1)	2.5(2.2–3.2)	0.152
Insoluble Fibers (gm)	6.8(5.3–9.0)	6.1(4.8–6.9)	0.123
Sugars (gm)	68.5(53.0–96.0)	67.9 (49.8–77.1)	0.293
Fat (gm)	109.3 (86.6–124.9)	117.1(93.8–138.0)	0.464
Saturated Fat (gm)	24.0(18.1–27.4)	25.3(19.5–30.5)	0.549
Monounsaturated Fat (gm)	36.4 (26.9–46.8)	37.3(27.2–51.8)	0.660
Polyunsaturated Fat (gm)	20.8 (13.0–26.2)	25.1(15.3–33.0)	0.211
Trans Fat (gm)	0.26(0.23–0.34)	0.38(0.26–0.44)	0.130
Cholesterol (mg)	196.0(131.9–252.0)	253.2 (155.5–327.6)	0.214
Omega-3 (gm)	1.2 (0.96–1.4)	1.3 (0.99–1.4)	0.550
Omega-6 (gm)	18.7(11.7–23.9)	22.7(13.4–29.7)	0.214

Notes: *P-values were calculated as Mann–Whitney U-test. Data are presented as median (1st-3rd tertiles). A P-value<0.05 indicates statistical significance.

Table 3 Daily Intake of Micronutrients of Normolipidemia and Dyslipidemia Participants with T1DM

Micronutrients	Normolipidemia (n= 57)	Dyslipidemia (n= 33)
	Median (1st −3rd Tertiles)	Median (1st −3rd Tertiles)	P-value*
Vitamin A (µg)	796.6(600.9–1017.3)	872.4 (618.8–1074.7)	0.624
Vitamin D(µg)	1.3 (0.79–2.4)	1.2 (0.97–2.3)	0.583
Vitamin E (mg)	12.8(8.6–15.6)	11.7(8.6–17.7)	0.867
Vitamin K (µg)	756.0(431.2–911.1)	808.0(249.8–877.1)	0.405
Vitamin C (mg)	153.8(115.6–194.3)	98.0 (83.1–150.0)	0.059
Vitamin B1 (mg)	1.6(1.4–1.8)	1.7(1.4–1.8)	0.950
VitaminB2 (mg)	2.0(1.5–2.3)	2.0(1.8–2.6)	0.379
Vitamin B3 (mg)	17.3 (15.5–20.5)	21.6(17.8–22.8)	0.168
Vitamin B6 (mg)	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	1.4(1.2–1.6)	0.675
Vitamin B12 (µg)	2.7(2.1–3.5)	3.6(2.8–4.0)	0.046
Biotin (µg)	26.9(19.2–32.9)	21.5(16.1–27.5)	0.152
Folate (µg)	434.5(380.2–520.2)	458.9(390.1–511.3)	0.851
Folic Acid (µg)	81.9 (64.3–107.6)	94.5(70.5–122.1)	0.264
Pantothenic Acid (mg)	5.1 (4.2–5.5)	5.3(4.3–5.8)	0.511
Calcium (mg)	1043.2(862.8–1285.3)	984.3(803.4–1233.5)	0.870
Iodine (µg)	86.7(68.1–112.2)	98.8(66.2–124.3)	0.741
Iron (mg)	33.9 (21.8–56.4)	25.9(19.3–52.4)	0.388
Magnesium (mg)	341.5(305.5–409.50	328.8(295.2–391.0)	0.522
Phosphorus (mg)	1088.6(882.1–1270.5)	1170.8(938.9–1336.3)	0.484
Potassium (gm)	3.3 (2.7–3.8)	3.1(2.5–3.5)	0.386
Sodium (gm)	2.5(2.1–3.0)	2.6(2.3–3.2)	0.511
Selenium(µg)	57.7(45.6–80.7)	72.3(53.0–83.0)	0.469
Zinc (mg)	8.9 (7.8–11.3)	10.5(8.3–12.3)	0.317
Chromium (µg)	2.9(2.5–3.7)	2.7(2.2–3.3)	0.309
Copper (µg)	1360.0(1190.0–1650.0)	1280.0(1163.2–1549.3)	0.541
Manganese (mg)	4.3(3.7–5.2)	3.6(3.2–5.5)	0.244
Choline (mg)	188.1(146.8–236.1)	188.6(161.1–255.3)	0.805
Glycemic index	54.0(51.2–55.2)	53.5(51.7–55.1)	0.933
Glycemic load	32.2(25.0–48.2)	38.0(27.0–47.1)	0.983

Notes: *P-values were calculated using Mann–Whitney U-test. Data are presented as median (1st-3rd tertiles). A P-value<0.05 indicates statistical significance.

Table 4 Association of Macronutrients Intake and Dyslipidemia Among Normolipidemia and Dyslipidemia Participants with T1DM

Energy and Macronutrients	OR* (95% CI) of Dyslipidemia
	T1	T2	T3	P- trend**
Energy	1	0.88(0.25–3.08)	0.97(0.28–3.33)	0.980
Fat	1	0.87(0.19–3.94)	1.28(0.19–8.72)	0.856
Proteins	1	0.57(0.12–2.75)	0.61(0.8–4.95)	0.783
Carbohydrate	1	1.77(0.36–8.72)	1.77 (0.23–13.45)	0.779
Fibers	1	0.91 (0.26–3.15)	1.73 (0.40–7.53)	0.652
Soluble Fibers	1	1.80 (0.50–6.56)	1.12 (0.27–4.68)	0.598
Insoluble Fibers	1	2.53 (0.62–10.41)	1.69 (0.38–7.61)	0.422
Sugars	1	1.52 (0.39–5.98)	1.08(0.22–5.16)	0.783
Fat	1	0.87(0.19–3.94)	1.28(0.19–8.72)	0.856
Saturated Fat	1	1.02 (0.21–5.0)	1.51 (0.19–11.84)	0.859
Monounsaturated Fat	1	1.34 (0.35–5.16)	1.42 (0.30–6.69)	0.888
Polyunsaturated Fat	1	0.92 (0.23–3.72)	0.87(0.17–4.36)	0.986
Trans Fat	1	0.88 (0.25–3.17)	0.82 (0.21–3.17)	0.960
Cholesterol	1	1.05 (0.24–4.70)	0.99 (0.18–5.52)	0.995
Omega-3	1	0.92 (0.21–4.16)	0.72 (0.11–4.65)	0.926
Omega-6	1	0.88 (0.22–3.55)	0.94(0.18–4.86)	0.984

Notes: *OR and CI: odds ratio and confidence interval; OR was adjusted for age, sex, daily insulin dose (units/kg/day), type of insulin, height, weight, body mass index, occurrence of disease, and energy intake.¹⁶ **P- trend values were calculated using linear logistic regression test. A P-value<0.05 indicates statistical significance.

Table 5 Association of Micronutrients Intake and Dyslipidemia Among Normolipidemia and Dyslipidemia Participants with T1DM

Micronutrients	OR* (95% CI) of Dyslipidemia
	T1	T2	T3	P- trend**
Vitamin B1	1	0.55 (0.13–2.39)	0.98(0.20–4.88)	0.631
Vitamin B2	1	0.76 (0.17–3.33)	0.56(0.11–2.95)	0.785
Vitamin B3	1	0.59 (0.10–3.50)	0.82 (0.09–7.04)	0.771
Vitamin B6	1	1.52 (0.36–6.48)	5.54 (0.93–33.01)	0.115
Vitamin B12	1	0.50 (0.11–2.20)	0.88 (0.21–3.65)	0.580
Biotin	1	1.03 (0.26–4.16)	1.20(0.25–5.82)	0.968
Vitamin C	1	0.81 (0.18–3.59)	2.18(0.45–10.52)	0.409
Vitamin E	1	0.72 (0.18–2.86)	0.68(0.15–2.99)	0.860
Folate	1	0.77 (0.18–3.28)	1.57(0.29–8.42)	0.601
Folic Acid	1	0.75 (0.20–2.74)	1.11(0.27–4.53)	0.809
Vitamin K	1	0.94(0.28–3.16)	1.12(0.30–4.28)	0.961
Pantothenic acid	1	1.06(0.22–5.16)	0.83 (0.14–4.85)	0.936
Calcium	1	1.04 (0.29–3.64)	1.53(0.37–6.32)	0.801
Iodine	1	0.72 (0.17–3.00)	1.05(0.25–4.46)	0.833
Iron	1	0.72 (0.20–2.64)	1.22 (0.34–4.42)	0.715
Magnesium	1	1.09(0.27–4.51)	2.17(0.33–14.04)	0.635
Phosphorus	1	1.43 (0.31–6.57)	2.58 (0.33–20.25)	0.644
Potassium	1	1.21 (0.29–4.98)	1.68(0.29–9.88)	0.839
Selenium	1	0.39 (0.08–1.95)	1.02 (0.23–4.52)	0.327
Sodium	1	1.29 (0.31–5.32)	0.82(0.14–5.02)	0.788
Zinc	1	0.94 (0.19–4.52)	1.25(0.20–7.89)	0.913
Vitamin D	1	1.31 (0.33–5.29)	1.82 (0.45–7.35)	0.689
Vitamin A	1	1.07 (0.31–3.61)	1.19(0.29–4.92)	0.971
Chromium	1	1.09 (0.24–4.89)	1.47(0.31–7.04)	0.854
Copper	1	1.02(0.28–3.74)	2.46 (0.42–14.34)	0.489
Manganese	1	0.81 (0.22–3.06)	1.46 (0.33–6.41)	0.664
Choline	1	0.84 (0.19–3.70)	0.84 (0.16–4.56)	0.972
Glycemic Index	1	0.77(0.22–2.70)	0.64(0.18–2.30)	0.785
Glycemic Load	1	0.62(0.17–2.32)	1.07(0.27–4.19)	0.678

Notes: *OR and CI: odds ratio and confidence interval; OR was adjusted for age, sex, daily insulin dose (units/kg/day), type of insulin, height, weight, body mass index, occurrence of disease, and energy intake.¹⁶ **P- trend values were calculated using linear logistic regression test. A P-value<0.05 indicates statistical significance.

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