Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Factors Among Adults Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Treatment in Selected Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants Among HIV Positive Adults on ART at Alert and SPSH, AA Ethiopia, December 15/2021-January 2022 (n = 405)

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
Sex	Female	247	61.0
	Male	158	39.0
Age group (years)	18–34	64	15.8
	35–50	236	58.3
	>50	105	25.8
Marital Status	Single	62	15.3
	Married	219	54.1
	Divorced	57	14.1
	Widowed	67	16.5
Religion	Orthodox	271	66.9
	Muslim	80	19.8
	Protestant	46	11.4
	Others (like; Catholic…)	8	2.0
Residence	Urban	392	96.8
	Rural	13	3.2
Educational status	No formal education	70	17.3
	Primary school(1–8)	142	35.1
	Secondary school(9–12)	130	32.1
	Diploma and above	63	15.6
Occupational status	Government employee	43	10.6
	Private employee	116	28.6
	Merchant	53	13.1
	Unemployed	86	21.2
	House wife	90	22.2
	Others (like; Student…)	17	4.2
Income (Birr)	<2000	207	51.1
	2000–5000	126	31.1
	>5000	72	17.8

Abbreviations: HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; ART, Antiretroviral Therapy; SPSH, Saint Peter Specialized Hospital; AA, Addis Ababa.

Table 2 Behavioral Characteristics of Respondents Among HIV Positive Adults on ART at Alert and SPSH, AA Ethiopia, December 15/2021-January 2022 (n = 405)

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
Fruit consumption	None	139	34.3
	1–3 days	242	59.8
	>3 days	24	5.9
Vegetable consumption	None	80	19.8
	1–3 days	277	68.4
	>3 days	48	11.9
Salt use	I do not use	39	9.6
	I reduced the amount before use	150	37.0
	I use as usual	160	39.5
	I do not know	56	13.8
Alcohol drinking	Yes	113	27.9
	No	292	72.1
Frequency of alcohol drinking	Daily	26	23.0
	Weekly	54	47.8
	Sometimes	33	29.2
Cigarette smoking	Yes	51	12.6
	No	354	87.4
Frequency of cigarette smoking (per day)	One time	18	35.3
	Two - three times	28	54.9
	More than three time	5	9.8
Khat chewing	Yes	35	8.6
	No	370	91.4
Doing physical activity	Yes	62	15.3
	No	343	84.7
Frequency of physical exercise	Low	19	30.6
	Moderate	27	43.5
	High	16	25.8

Abbreviations: HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; ART, Antiretroviral Therapy; SPSH, Saint Peter Specialized Hospital; AA, Addis Ababa.

Table 3 Clinical Related Characteristics of HIV Positive Adults on ART at Alert and SPSH, AA Ethiopia, and December 15/2021-January 2022 (n = 405)

Variables	Response Category	Frequency	Percent
Know hypertension	Yes	62	15.3
	No	343	84.7
Family history of HTN	Yes	131	32.3
	No	274	67.7
History of DM	Yes	44	10.9
	No	361	89.1
Duration on ART (years)	< 5	53	13.1
	≥ 5	352	86.9
Current ART regimen	TDF/3TC/EFV	160	39.5
	AZT/3TC/NVP	107	26.4
	TDF/3TC/NVP	83	20.5
	AZT/3TC/EFV	55	13,6
WHO stage	Stage I	332	82.0
	Stage II	73	18.0
CD4 count(/mm^3)	<350 cells	114	28.1
	≥ 350 cells	291	71.9
Viral Load (copies/mL)	< 1000	362	89.4
	>1000	43	10.6
History of OI	Yes	214	52.8
	No	191	47.2
OI during the follow up	Herpes zoster	34	15.5
	Pneumonia	45	20.5
	TB	104	47.3
	Oral thrush	4	1.8
	Diarrhoea	12	5.5
	Cryptococcus Meningitis	5	2.3
	Others (Skin disease, RURTI…)	16	7.3
OI prophylaxis given	Yes	309	76.3
	No	96	23.7
Comorbidity disease	Yes	69	17.0
	No	336	83.0
ART Adherence	Good	373	92.1
	Fair	28	6.9
	Poor	4	1.0

Notes: TDF/3TC/EFV: combination of ARV drugs - Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz.

AZT/3TC/NVP: combination of ARV drugs - Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine.

TDF/3TC/NVP: combination of ARV drugs - Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Nevirapine.

AZT/3TC/EFV: combination of ARV drugs - Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Efavirenz.

Abbreviations: ART, Antiretroviral therapy; CD4, Cluster of differentiation 4; DM, Diabetes Mellitus; HTN, Hypertension; OI, Opportunistic Infections; WHO, World Health Organization; HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; ART, Antiretroviral Therapy; SPSH, Saint Peter Specialized Hospital; AA, Addis Ababa; RURTI, Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infection; TB, tuberculosis.

Table 4 Anthropometric-Related Characteristics of HIV Positive Adults on ART at Alert and SPSH, AA Ethiopia, and December 15/2021-January 2022 (n = 405)

Variables	Response Category	Frequency	Percent
Body mass index	Under weight	40	9.9
	Normal	214	52.80
	Over weight	101	24.9
	Obese	50	12.3
Waist circumference	High	152	37.5
	Normal	253	62.5
Waist to hip ratio	High	227	56.0
	Normal	178	44.0

Abbreviations: HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; ART, Antiretroviral Therapy; SPSH, Saint Peter Specialized Hospital; AA, Addis Ababa.

Figure 1 Prevalence of hypertension among Adults living with HIV on ART at Alert and SPSH in AA, Ethiopia, 2022(N = 405).

Table 5 Bi-Variable and Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with Hypertension Among HIV Positive Adults on ART at Alert and SPSH in AA, Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 405)

Variables	Hypertension (%) N= 405		Bi-variable Analysis		Multivariable Analysis
			COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
	Yes (%)	No (%)
Sex
Male	67(42.4)	91(57.6)	1.40(0.93–2.12)	0.106*	1.22(0.64–2.32)	0.539
Female	85(34.4)	162(65.6)	1		1
Age (years)
18–34	8(12.5)	56(87.5)	1		1
35–50	86(36.4)	150(63.6)	4.01(1.8–8.82)	0.001*	2.18(1.13–4.21)	0.021**
>50	58(55.2)	47(44.8)	8.64(3.75–19.90)	0.000*	3.1(0.89–10.74)	0.076
Marital Status
Single	17(27.4)	45(72.6)	1		1
Married	75(34.2)	144(65.8)	0.72(0.39–1.35)	0.313	1.02(0.38–2.75)	0.967
Divorced	31(54.4)	26(45.6)	0.32(0.15–0.68)	0.003*	0.44(0.13–1.54)	0.199
Widowed	29(43.3)	38(56.7)	0.49(0.24–1.04)	0.062*	1.02(0.30–3.51)	0.97
Alcohol drinking
Yes	72(63.7)	41(36.3)	4.65(2.93–7.38)	0.000*	5.58(2.92–10.65)	0.000**
No	80(27.4)	212(72.6)	1		1
Smoker
Yes	26(51.0)	25(49.0)	1.88(1.04–3.40)	0.036*	1.27(0.56–2.86)	0.560
No	126(35.6)	228(64.4)	1		1
Khat chewing
Yes	17(48.6)	18(51.4)	1.64(0.82–3.35)	0.161*	1.30(0.47–3.63)	0.615
No	135(36.5)	235(63.5)	1		1
Physical exercise
Yes	14(22.6)	48(77.4)	1		1
No	138(40.2)	205(59.8)	2.31(1.22–4.35)	0.010*	2.35(1.06–5.21)	0.036**
Family history of HTN
Yes	83(63.4)	48(36.6)	5.14(3.28–8.04)	0.000*	4.39(2.48–7.76)	0.000**
No	69(25.2)	205(74.8)	1		1
History of DM
Yes	21(47.7)	23(52.3)	1.60(0.85–3.01)	0.142*	1.63(0.70–3.80)	0.255
No	131(36.3)	230(63.7)	1		1
Duration on ART (years)
< 5	8(15.1)	45(84.9)	1		1
≥5	144(40.9)	208(59.1)	3.89(1.78–8.51)	0.001*	3.13(1.20–8.12)	0.019**
Current ART regimen
TDF/3TC/EFV	52(32.5)	108(67.5)	1		1
AZT/3TC/NVP	45(42.1)	62(57.9)	0.66(0.40–1.10)	0.112*	0.79(0.41–1.55)	0.498
TDF/3TC/NVP	39(47.0)	44(53.0)	0.54(0.31–0.93)	0.028*	0.90(0.44–1.89)	0.798
AZT/3TC/EFV	16(29.1)	39(70.9)	1.17(0.60–2.29)	0.639	1.39(0.61–3.13)	0.431
CD4 Count (/mm^3)
<350 cells	57(50.0)	57(50.0)	2.06(1.33–3.21)	0.001*	1.87(1.04–3.37)	0.037**
≥350 cells	95(32.6)	196(67.4)	1		1
Viral Load (copies/mL)
< 1000	20(46.5)	23(53.5)	1		1
> 1000	132(36.5)	230(63.5)	0.66(0.35–1.25)	0.201*	1.27(0.55–,2.94)	0.571
History of OI
Yes	99(46.3)	115(53.7)	2.24(1.48–3.40)	0.000*	1.50(0.87–2.57)	0.142
No	53(27.7)	138(72.3)	1		1
Comorbidity disease
Yes	41(59.4)	28(40.6)	2.97(1.74–5.05)	0.000*	1.16(0.58–2.30)	0.678
No	111(33.0)	225(67.0)	1		1
BMI (Kg/m^2)
< 25	70(27.6)	184(72.4)	1	0.000*	1
≥ 25	82(54.3)	69(45.7)	3.12(2.05–4.76)		2.38(1.33–4.25)	0.003**
WC
High	77(50.7)	75(49.3)	2.44(1.61–3.69)	0.000*	1.85(0.88–3.89)	0.104
Normal	75(29.6)	178(70.4)	1		1
WHR
High	108(47.6)	119(52.4)	2.76(1.80–4,24)	0.000*	1.76(0.85–3.65)	0.130
Normal	44(24.7)	134(75.3)	1		1

Notes: 1: reference, * Variables statistically significant at p-value <0.25 in bi-variable analyses. ** Variables statistically significant at p-value <0.05 in multivariable analyses.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OI, Opportunistic Infection; HTN, hypertension; Diabetes Mellitus; CD4, Cluster of differentiation 4; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist to hip ratio; HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; ART, Antiretroviral Therapy; SPSH, Saint Peter Specialized Hospital; AA, Addis Ababa.