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Notes
1 Ceri Warnock, Environmental Courts and Tribunals: Powers, Integrity and the Search for Legitimacy (Hart, 2020), 5.
2 Elizabeth Fisher, “Environmental Law as ‘Hot’ Law,” Journal of Environmental Law 25, no. 347 (2013): 350–54.
3 Ibid., 347–48.
4 Ibid., 348–54.
5 Patrick McAuslan, The Ideologies of Planning Law (New York: Pergamon Press, 1980).
6 Brian J. Preston, “The Effectiveness of the Law in Providing Access to Environmental Justice,” in P. Martin et al., eds., The Search for Environmental Justice (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2015), 23–42.
7 World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
8 Ibid., 44.
9 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development; Statement of Forest Principles: The final text of agreements negotiated by governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 3–14 June 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (http://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf).
10 Ibid., principle 15.
11 Ibid., principle 7.
12 Ibid., principle 3.
13 Ibid., principle 16.
14 United Nations General Assembly, Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, GA Res. 70/1, UN Doc A/RES/70/1 (21 October 2015, adopted 25 September 2015).
15 David R. Boyd, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment, UN Doc. A/77/284 (10 August 2022) [8].
16 Ibid., [11].
17 Ibid., [21].
18 Brian J. Preston, “The Judicial Development of Ecologically Sustainable Development,” in Douglas Fisher, ed., Research Handbook on Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Law (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2016), 475–523.
19 Brian J. Preston, “The Judicial Development of the Precautionary Principle,” Environmental and Planning Law Journal 35 (2018): 123.
20 Telstra Corporation Limited v Hornsby Shire Council (2006) 146 LGERA 10.
21 Preston, note 17, 448–51.
22 Bulga Milbrodale Progress Association Inc v Minister for Planning and Infrastructure and Warkworth Mining Ltd (2013) 194 LGERA 347.
23 Preston, note 17, 443–48, and Brian J. Preston, “What’s Equity Got to Do With the Environment?,” Australian Law Journal 92 (2018): 257.
24 Gloucester Resources Limited v Minister for Planning (2019) 234 LGERA 257 at [415], [416], [498], [696].
25 Preston, note 17, 447, and Gloucester Resources Limited v Minister for Planning (2019) 234 LGERA 257 at [413]–[414].
26 Preston, note 17, 451–55.
27 Brian J. Preston, “Sustainable Development Law in the Courts: The Polluter Pays Principle,” Environmental and Planning Law Journal 26 (2009): 257.
28 Preston, note 17, 454–55, and Bankstown City Council v Hanna (2014) 205 LGERA 39 at [152]–[153].
29 Preston, note 5, 34–38.
30 Land and Environment Court Rules 2007, r 4.2.
31 Preston, note 5, 38–40.
32 Brian J. Preston, “The Use of Restorative Justice for Environmental Crime,” Criminal Law Journal 35 (2011): 136.
33 Garrett v Williams (2007) 151 LGERA 92, and Chief Executive, Office of Environment and Heritage v Clarence Valley Council (2018) 236 LGERA 291.
34 Metropolitan Manila Development Authority v Concerned Residents of Manila Bay Nos. 171947–48 (Supreme Court of the Philippines, 18 December 2008). For further discussion, see B. J. Preston, “Enforcement of Environmental And Planning Laws in New South Wales,” Local Government Law Journal 16, (2011): 84–85.
35 Brian J Preston, “Leadership by the Courts in Achieving Sustainability,” Environmental and Planning Journal 27 (2010): 321.
36 Neubauer et al v Germany, Bundesverfassungsgericht [German Constitutional Court], 1 BvR 2656/18, 24 March 2021. See also Petra Minnerop, “The ‘Advance Interference-Like Effect’ of Climate Targets: Fundamental Rights, Intergenerational Equity and the German Federal Constitutional Court,” Journal of Environmental Law 34, no. 1 (2022): 135.
37 Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991 (NSW), s 9.
38 Bushfire Survivors for Climate Action Inc v Environment Protection Authority (2021) 250 LGERA 1 at 20.
39 Ibid., 37.
40 NSW Environment Protection Authority, EPA Climate Change Policy (January 2023), https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/-/media/epa/corporate-site/resources/climate-change/23p4264-climate-change-policy.pdf, and NSW Environment Protection Authority, Climate Change Action Plan 2023–26 (January 2023), https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/-/media/epa/corporate-site/resources/climate-change/23p4265-climate-change-action-plan-2023-26.pdf?la=en&hash=9EC85B32AB55A627762F61FCDF67973AF30513CD.
41 See Brian J. Preston, “The Influence of the Paris Agreement on Climate Litigation: Causation, Corporate Governance and Catalyst (Part II),” Journal of Environmental Law 33 (2021): 227, 247–55; Brian J. Preston, “Changing Climate Law and Governance: A Multi-Level Perspective,” Global Policy (2023), 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13196; and Natasha Affolder, “Contagious Environmental Lawmaking,” Journal of Environmental Law 31 (2019): 187, 187–212.
42 Urgenda Foundation v The State of the Netherlands (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:7196, The Hague District Court, 24 June 2015); The State of the Netherlands v Urgenda Foundation (ECLI:NL:GHDHA: 2018:2610) (The Hague Court of Appeal, 9 October 2018); (ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007) (Supreme Court of the Netherlands, 20 December 2019).
43 Telstra Corporation Limited v Hornsby Shire Council (2006) 146 LGERA 10; Bulga Milbrodale Progress Association Inc v Minister for Planning and Infrastructure and Warkworth Mining Ltd (2013) 194 LGERA 347; and Gloucester Resources Ltd v Minister for Planning (2019) 234 LGERA 257.
44 Waratah Coal Pty Ltd v Youth Verdict Ltd & Ors (No 6) [2022] QLC 21.
45 Brian J. Preston and Charlotte Hanson, “The Globalisation and Harmonisation of Environmental Law: An Australian Perspective,” Asia-Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 16 (2013): 1–36.
46 Brian Preston, “The Many Facets of a Cutting Edge Court: A Study of the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales,” in Elizabeth Fisher and Brian Preston, eds., An Environmental Court in Action: Function, Doctrine and Process (Hart, 2022), 11–12.
47 Karl Llewellyn, The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1960), 7. For a further discussion of adjective law, see also B. J. Preston, “Mainstreaming Climate Change in Legal Education,” paper delivered to Te Piringa Faculty of Law, University of Waikato and IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Webinar, 6 July 2023.
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Donna Craig
Donna Craig is an honorary professor, Te Piringa Faculty of Law, University of Waikato, New Zealand.