Notes
1 See M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2011); Ryan Gingeras, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Heir to the Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015); Hans-Lukas Kieser, Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2018); Benjamin C. Fortna, The Circassian: A Life of Eşref Bey, Late Ottoman Insurgent and Special Agent (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); H. Ozan Özavcı, Intellectual Origins of the Republic: Ahmet Ağaoğlu and the Genealogy of Liberalism in Turkey (Leiden: Brill, 2015); York Norman, Celal Nuri: Young Turk Modernizer and Muslim Nationalist (London: I.B. Tauris, 2021); Christine M. Philliou, Turkey: A Past Against History (Oakland: University of California Press, 2021). Also worthy of note are Şakir Dinçşahin, State and Intellectuals in Turkey: The Life and Times of Niyazi Berkes, 1908-1988 (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2015); Reuben Silverman, Borderline Personalities: Lives at the Political, Social, and Geographic Edges of Modern Turkey (Istanbul: Libra, 2021).