Information Matrix Test for Item Response Models Using Stochastic Approximation

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Conflict of interest disclosures: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Ethical principles: The authors affirm having followed professional ethical guidelines in preparing this work. These guidelines include obtaining informed consent from human participants, maintaining ethical treatment and respect for the rights of human or animal participants, and ensuring the privacy of participants and their data, such as ensuring that individual participants cannot be identified in reported results or from publicly available original or archival data.

Funding: The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

Role of the funders/sponsors: None of the funders or sponsors of this research had any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Acknowledgment: I would like to express my appreciation to my SMEP sponsor, Dr. Yang Liu and my academic advisor, Dr. Ji Seung Yang.