Deriving optimal defensive resource deployment of complex system-of-systems for risk response considering cascading effect

Abstract

As disruptions happen with increasing frequency, over-deployment or insufficient deployment can lead to inefficiency or defensive failure for security risk management. Therefore, it is necessary to deploy appropriate defensive resources so as to defend a complex system-of-systems (SoS). Component heterogeneity and cascade effect must be considered in the high-risk environment. To that end, a novel security defensive deployment decision model is proposed in this research considering cooperation and non-cooperation. We formulate a maximum utility model to figure out the optimal defensive deployment of component in the case of independent defence. In addition, the complex SoS’s optimal defensive behaviour is calculated under all components work together to fulfil the demand and complete the mission. We also compare two scenarios and draw that the utility of coordinated defence is greater than that of independent defence in a SoS. The proposed model is employed in a weapon equipment SoS, elaborating how the SoS operators should operate against disruptive events.

Keywords:

• Complex system-of-systems
• defensive resource deployment (DRD)
• heterogeneity
• cascading effect
• cooperation and non-cooperation

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 72271124 and 72071111).

Notes on contributors

Jingru Zhang

Jingru Zhang was born in 1997. She received the bachelor’s degree in 2020 from the College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, where she is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree. Her research interests are complex network, system of systems evaluation.

Zhigeng Fang

Zhigeng Fang was born 1962. He received the Ph.D. degree in management from the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 2007. In 2005, he joined the College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, where he is currently a professor. His research interests include reliability engineering and management of complex equipment development.

Liangyan Tao

Liangyan Tao was born in 1988. He received the Ph.D. degree in management science and engineering from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China in 2017. He is associate professor, College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. His current research interests include resource scheduling of networks and stochastic network.

Shuang Wu

Shuang Wu was born in 1993. She received the M.S. degree in business administration from Zhejiang Normal University, China in 2018. She is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in management science and engineering from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Her research interest includes resource management of satellite communication system and system effectiveness.

Wenjie Dong

Wenjie Dong was born in 1990. He received the Ph.D. degree in management science and engineering from the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 2021. In 2021, he joined the College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include reliability modelling and maintenance strategy optimization.

Ding Chen

Ding Chen was born 1990. He received the Ph.D. degree in management from the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 2019. Now he is working in the Shanghai Electro-Mechanical Engineering Institute. His research interests are system of systems engineering and random process.