Programs Promoting Virtual Social Connections and Friendships for Youth with Disabilities: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Aims

This scoping review explores what is known about programs that support youth with physical and developmental disabilities to create virtual social connections as a means toward friendships.

Methods

Peer-reviewed studies were searched in six electronic databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Two reviewers screened articles that described programs in which participants, ages 8–20, interacted with others online, and reported outcomes related to virtual social connections and friendships in their personal social networks. Data extraction involved program characteristics (e.g., duration, group members, online platform) plus qualitative description outlining access and participation experiences.

Results

After screening 12,605 articles, 9 were determined eligible. Programs followed two approaches: (1) training youth to use the internet and technology to access virtual spaces independently; and (2) designing virtual opportunities and activities that encourage youth interaction and collaboration. Each approach was grounded in the principles of fostering privacy and independence (i.e., socializing with peers without relying on caregivers), safety and self-expression (i.e., communicating authentically), plus confidence and capability (i.e., trying new skills).

Conclusions

This scoping review provides guidance on enhancing access and participation of youth with disabilities in virtual spaces where they can develop social connections that increase chances for friendships.

Keywords:

• Disability
• friendship
• scoping review
• social connection
• virtual

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

Joelle Li and Maria Becerra received funding and support through the Ward Summer Student Program at Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. Gillian King holds the Canada Research Chair in Optimal Care for Children with Disabilities, funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. This chair is supported by matching funds from the Kimel Family Opportunities Fund through the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital Foundation.

Notes on contributors

Eric Smart

Dr. Eric Smart is a practicing occupational therapist and researcher at TVCC (formerly Thames Valley Children’s Centre). His interests include friendships for youth with disabilities, family-centered care practice, and decision-making in rehabilitation services.

Joelle Li

Joelle Li is currently a 2nd-year medical student at the University of Toronto. Her volunteer work in the community inspire her research interests, which include the psychosocial aspects of childhood disabilities, and health equity, particularly regarding immigrant and refugee health.

Maria Becerra

Maria Becerra is a recent Honors Psychology (BSc) graduate from the University of Waterloo. Broadly, her research interests include biopsychosocial aspects of child development and mental health promotion, especially for marginalized groups such as those with disabilities.

Gillian King

Dr. Gillian King is a distinguished senior scientist; Canada Research Chair (Tier I) in Optimal Care for Children with Disabilities. Her research focus involves the psychosocial aspects of childhood disabilities.