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Notes
1 The reference to the USSR as a colonizer and empire is an issue of scholarly debate (Abashin Citation2016).
2 The 2022 Kazakhstan unrest, which ended soon after the arrival of CSTO (notably Russian) forces.
3 Yaik Cossacks appeared in the late sixteenth century, the century after the state which local historians call the White Horde disappeared.
4 The Soviet government decided whom to call a nation, and during the Stalin era, the number of nations was reduced by attaching minor ethnic groups to larger ones (Hirsch Citation2005).