Short Circuiting Policy: Interest Groups and the Battle over Clean Energy and Climate Policy in the American States

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Notes

1 BK Sovacool and others, ‘Conflicted Transitions: Exploring the Actors, Tactics, and Outcomes of Social Opposition Against Energy Infrastructure’ 2022 (73) Global Environmental Change 102473 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102473>

2 MM Sokolowski and RJ Heffron, ‘Defining and Conceptualising Energy Policy Failure: The When, Where, Why, and How’ (2022) 161 Energy Policy 112745 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112745>; LC Stokes and HL Breetz, ‘Politics in the US Energy Transition: Case Studies of Solar, Wind, Biofuels and Electric Vehicles Policy’ (2018) 113 Energy Policy 76–86 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.057>

3 S Carley, ‘The Era of State Energy Policy Innovation: A Review of Policy Instruments’ (2011) 28(3) Review of Policy Research 265 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00495.x; DC Matisoff, ‘The Adoption of State Climate Change Policies and Renewable Portfolio Standards: Regional Diffusion or Internal Determinants?’ (2008) 25(6) Review of Policy Research 527 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00360.x>

4 G Michaud, ‘Punctuating the Equilibrium: A Lens to Understand Energy and Environmental Policy Changes’ (2019) 43(8) International Journal of Energy Research 3053 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4464; G Michaud, ‘Perspectives on Community Solar Policy Adoption Across the United States’ (2020) 33 Renewable Energy Focus 1 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2020.01.001>

5 EL Williams and others, ‘The American Electric Utility Industry's Role in Promoting Climate Denial, Doubt, and Delay’ (2022) 17 Environmental Research Letters 094026 <https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ab3>

6 Despite the deterioration of Kansas’ RPS, the state’s current total generation capacity from renewables is notable at 47 per cent, 99 per cent of which is from wind. Put another way, the broader-level clean energy movement, wind resource availability, and the build-out of many projects over the past two decades have helped wind prevail in the state despite pushback and restrictions implemented by the Republican-dominated legislature. For more information, see US Energy Information Administration, Kansas: State Profile and Energy Estimates (2023) <https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=KS> accessed 20 November 2023.