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International Interactions
Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations
Volume 50, 2024 - Issue 2
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Public opinion and alliance commitments in cybersecurity an attack against all?

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Pages 332-348 | Received 19 Jan 2023, Accepted 18 Dec 2023, Published online: 12 Feb 2024
 

Abstract

Cyber operations as a facet of international competition pose a direct challenge to alliances. Designed to respond to conventional military attacks, alliances like the North Atlantic Treaty Organization must now determine whether their defensive commitments extend into cyberspace. This question is not limited to political and military elites, as the use of force in defense of allies is among the most politically charged decisions a state can make and relies significantly on public support. This article extends recent public opinion literature on cyber conflict to investigate public attitudes towards existing treaty commitments following a destructive cyber operation against an allied state. Using a survey experiment involving United States nationals, we find that while participants are sensitive to treaty obligations, these effects are moderated by individual factors like domain expertise. Furthermore, we observe that specific aggressor-ally dyads tied to geographic regions can shape public preferences, with participants being more reactive to Europe-based scenarios than comparable treatments in Asia.

Las operaciones cibernéticas, como una faceta de la competencia internacional, plantean un desafío directo a las alianzas. Aunque fueron diseñadas para responder a ataques militares convencionales, alianzas como la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte deben determinar ahora cómo se traducen sus compromisos defensivos en el ámbito digital. Esta cuestión no está limitada a las élites políticas y militares, ya que el uso de la fuerza para la defensa de los aliados es una de las decisiones con mayor carga política que puede tomar un Estado y depende en gran medida del apoyo público. Este artículo amplía la literatura reciente, en materia de opinión pública, sobre conflictos cibernéticos con el fin de investigar las actitudes públicas hacia los compromisos de los tratados existentes después de una operación cibernética destructiva contra un Estado aliado. Descubrimos, mediante el uso de un experimento de encuesta en el que participaron ciudadanos estadounidenses, que, si bien los participantes son sensibles a las obligaciones de los tratados, estos efectos están moderados por factores individuales como la experiencia en el dominio. Además, observamos que las díadas específicas agresor-aliado que están vinculadas a regiones geográficas pueden dar forma a las preferencias del público, y que los participantes son más reactivos a los escenarios que tienen lugar en Europa que a aquellos comparables en Asia.

Les cyberopérations, facettes de la concurrence internationale, présentent un défi direct pour les alliances. Conçues pour répondre aux attaques militaires conventionnelles, les alliances comme l’Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord doivent aujourd’hui déterminer comment leurs engagements défensifs se traduisent dans le domaine numérique. Cette question ne se limite pas aux élites politique et militaire, car l’usage de la force pour défendre des alliés compte parmi les décisions les plus polémiques qu’un État peut prendre. Or, elles reposent en grande partie sur le soutien public. Cet article s’inscrit dans le prolongement de la littérature récente sur l’opinion publique en matière de cyberconflits. Il s’intéresse à l’attitude de la population à l’égard des engagements existants par traité à la suite d’une cyberopération destructrice à l’encontre d’un État allié. À l’aide d’une expérience de sondage impliquant des citoyens américains, nous remarquons que bien que les participants soient sensibles aux obligations au titre de traités, leurs effets sont modérés par des facteurs personnels comme l’expertise au sein d’un domaine. De plus, nous remarquons que certaines dyades agresseur-allié au sein de régions spécifiques peuvent façonner les préférences de la population, les participants réagissant davantage à des scénarios basés en Europe qu’à des traitements comparables ayant lieu en Asie.

Notes

1 “Offensive cyber operations” and “cyber operations” are used interchangeably to refer to the exercise of cyber power that degrade or destroy some aspect of the target’s networks, operations, or functions (Valeriano, Jensen, and Maness Citation2018). However, it is worth noting that most operations reflect limited, if any, physical effects (Harknett and Smeets Citation2020; Zetter Citation2022). Yet in spite of this reality, there notion of highly disruptive operations remains persistent amongst the public (Jarvis, Macdonald, and Whiting Citation2017).

2 The experiment underwent an ethics review at the University of Cincinnati and was approved, IRB ID: 2022-0461; In excess of the apriori power analysis requiring a sample size of 1,333 for an alpha of 0.8.

3 See Supplementary Material Appendix A for the corresponding instrument.

4 Cyber conflict scholars remain divided over the benefit of including casualties as part of the treatment given the rarity of such events. However, as the public’s understanding of this issue may be shaped by narratives that include this possibility, there may be some benefit to matching these expectations.

5 These include cooperative internationalism, militant internationalism, and isolationism (Kertzer et al. Citation2014).

6 Post-hoc analysis reveals the following Cronbach Alphas: cooperative (0.830), militant (0.588), and isolationist (0.684).

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