The simultaneous measurement of atomoxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine in actual water and biological samples requires the creation of a unique magnetic dispersive micro solid phase extraction sorbent based on MOF-on-MOF

ABSTRACT

Atomoxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine are three antidepressant drugs widely prescribed to treat this disorder. Determining these drugs is a major challenge due to their low concentration and high matrix effects on biological samples. Dispersive micro solid phase extraction was developed as a sample preparation strategy to extract these drugs in real water and biological samples. A novel sorbent containing a magnetic MOF-on-MOF was prepared to extract these drugs using Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle and Sol-gel technique. The microextraction procedure was optimised under two steps using experimental design. Three factors, including pH, sorbent amount, and desorption solvent volume, significantly affected the extraction of analytes and optimised using a central composite design. The optimum value of pH, sorbent amount, and desorption solvent volume was 29 mg, 6.5, and 150 µL. Under optimum conditions, the linear ranges for measuring atomoxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine in water samples were 1.42–496, 0.43–472, and 0.73–459 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The detection limits of atomoxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine were 0.4, 0.1, and 0.2 ng mL⁻¹. High and proper preconcentration factors ranged from 462.4–511.4 in distiled water samples and 450.7–489.8 in urine samples were obtained to determine atomoxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine with three concentrations of 5.0, 20.0, and 100.0 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. Inter-day and intra-day RSD% were calculated by triplicate determination of atomoxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine at three concentrations of 10.0, 50.0 and 100.0 ng mL⁻¹ and were between 3.2–4.3% and 3.8–4.6% in distiled water samples, and 4.8–5.7% and 5.0–5.8% in urine samples, respectively. Analysis of tap, river water, and two urine samples as real water and biological samples under optimum conditions exhibited recovery and standard deviation in the ranges of 90.2–96.9% and 3.84–5.74%, respectively, confirmed the proper ability of the method to determine atomoxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine in natural water and biological samples.

KEYWORDS:

• Antidepressant drugs
• dispersive micro solid phase extraction
• MOF-on-MOF
• biological samples
• experimental design
• magnetic sorbent

Acknowledgments

The authors express their appreciation with the Research Council of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Iran for financial support.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Compliance with ethical standards

The study has been carried out under the institutional and/or national research committee’s ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable Ethical standards.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Aysir Alhmaunde: Writing e original draft, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Resources.

Mahboubeh Masrournia: Conceptualisation, Investigation, Writing e review & editing.

Ali Javid: Conceptualisation, Investigation, Writing e review & editing.

Supplementary data

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2023.2276344.