Selective separation of lead (II) from foodstuffs and environmental samples by adsorption onto modified truffle peels with nanoparticles [TPs/TiO₂(NP)] as a novel biomass

ABSTRACT

This study aims to examined truffle peel powder modified with nanoparticles [TPs/TiO₂(NP)] as a solid adsorbent for the removal of lead ions Pb(II) from environmental media and foodstuffs. The characterisation of TPs/TiO₂(NP) was studied by a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Through the application of several adsorption isotherm models, the Langmuir at 25°C revealed to be most appropriate, having the highest R² (0.961), and the maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity was found 0.908 mg g⁻¹. In addition, the various kinetics models were applied, and the data was well-fitted by the pseudo-second order kinetics model (R² = 0.9997). Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the technique of adsorption had been endothermic (∆H = 30.79 J mol⁻¹), The value of ΔG indicates the spontaneous and physical nature (- 29.26 KJ mol⁻¹) and the positive value of ∆S indicates a moderate step of sorption of the Pb(II) complex ion associate (98.32 J). Foodstuffs (energy drinks and ice pops) and environmental samples (tap water) were successfully confirmed with a good recovery.

KEYWORDS:

• Lead ions
• adsorption
• modified truffle
• foodstuffs
• kinetic
• isothermal

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).