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Research Article

Effects of winter water quality conditions on Atlantic Salmon embryo mortality and deformity rates in the Serpentine River (New Brunswick, Canada)

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Received 12 Oct 2022, Accepted 10 Nov 2023, Published online: 24 Dec 2023
 

Abstract

In-stream incubation of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) embryos within artificial redds using Jordan/Scotty fish egg incubator boxes is an alternative to traditional hatchery-based incubation methods. Winter water quality conditions, such as temperature and dissolved oxygen vary within natural redds and influence wild embryo development and survival. The differences in landscape characteristics and in-stream habitat features at catchment-, reach-, and site spatial scales were investigated to determine how they influenced water quality conditions within the Serpentine River, New Brunswick. A total of 14,400 hatchery-fertilized salmon embryos were incubated within river substrates from November 2020 to January 2021. The proportion of embryo mortalities within our experiment was high (44.9%), but still within the range observed in the literature from other incubation experiments, and the proportion of embryo deformities between our sites was very low (2.7%). Despite variations in average water temperature, cumulative degree days, and coefficient of variation in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, none were statistically significant for explaining embryo mortalities or deformities. Patterns were, however, evident across sites showing trends towards a decrease in mortality with cumulative degree days, and an increase in deformities with greater variation in DO. Improving our knowledge on Atlantic Salmon incubation habitat supports future research and restoration opportunities for adaptation under a changing climate.

RÉSUMÉ

L'incubation en cours d‘eau d‘embryons de saumon de l‘Atlantique (Salmo salar) dans des nids artificiels à l‘aide de boîtes d‘incubateurs d‘œufs de poisson Jordan/Scotty est une alternative aux méthodes d‘incubation traditionnelles en écloserie. Les conditions hivernales de qualité de l’eau, telles que la température et l’oxygène dissous, varient au sein des nids naturels et influencent le développement et la survie des embryons sauvages. Les différences dans les caractéristiques du paysage et les caractéristiques de l‘habitat dans les cours d‘eau à l‘échelle spatiale du bassin versant, du tronçon et du site ont été étudiées afin de déterminer comment elles influençaient les conditions de qualité de l‘eau dans la rivière Serpentine, au Nouveau-Brunswick. Un total de 14 400 embryons de saumon fécondés en écloserie ont été incubés dans des substrats fluviaux de novembre 2020 à janvier 2021. La proportion de mortalité d‘embryons au sein de notre expérience était élevée (44,9 %), mais toujours dans la fourchette observée dans la littérature provenant d‘autres expériences d‘incubation, et la proportion de malformations embryonnaires entre nos sites était très faible (2,7 %). Malgré les variations de la température moyenne de l‘eau, des degrés-jours cumulés et du coefficient de variation de la concentration en oxygène dissous (OD), aucun n‘était statistiquement significatif pour expliquer la mortalité ou les déformations des embryons. Des tendances étaient cependant évidentes sur tous les sites, montrant des tendances vers une diminution de la mortalité avec les degrés-jours cumulés et une augmentation des déformations avec une plus grande variation de l‘OD. L’amélioration de nos connaissances sur l’habitat d’incubation du saumon atlantique soutient les futures opportunités de recherche et de restauration pour l’adaptation à un climat changeant.

Acknowledgments

In-kind support for this project was provided by Alannah MacFarlane (DFO) and the staff at the Mactaquac Biodiversity Facility (MBF), Lee Reed from Tobique River Watershed Association, and members from the Neqotkuk (Tobique First Nation). This project was also made possible with the assistance from the Mactaquac Aquatic Ecosystem Study (MAES) and their dedicated field crew members, as well as local knowledge from staff at NB Power and Serpentine Lodge with updates on river conditions and water levels. Funding for this research was provided by the Atlantic Salmon Conservation Foundation (ASCF) and MITACS.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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