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Research Article

Implications of disclosure and non-disclosure of flood hazard maps – a synthesis for the Canadian context

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Received 02 Nov 2022, Accepted 16 Nov 2023, Published online: 06 Feb 2024
 

Abstract

Flood is an increasingly costly and impactful hazard in Canada. Risk management approaches need to be applied to stem rising costs and impacts of floods. The foundational tool that supports many risk management strategies is the development of flood mapping products. In Canada, however, there is only a patchwork of flood mapping available, and there is further variability in the accessibility of this information to private and public sectors. This article draws on published studies to synthesize the potential benefits and disbenefits of making flood maps more available and accessible in the Canadian context, with a focus on real-estate transactions, but also with consideration of implications to land use planning, flood insurance uptake, and social equity impacts. The review highlights that accessibility and regulated disclosure of flood maps reduce property values marginally, but not to the full discount that should be applied if flood risks were fully accounted for or realized. There are also substantial benefits of making flood mapping products more accessible, including greater social equity, by removing the challenge of data asymmetry (where some buyers and sellers have better information than others), better emergency preparedness, and increased insurance uptake to manage residual risks.

Résumé

Les inondations sont un aléa de plus en plus coûteux avec de gros impacts au Canada. Des approches de gestion des risques doivent être appliquées pour contenir la hausse des coûts et les impacts des inondations. L’outil fondamental qui soutient de nombreuses stratégies de gestion des risques est le développement de produits cartographiques des inondations. Au Canada, cependant, il n’y a qu’une mosaïque de ces cartes disponibles. En plus, il existe une grande variabilité dans l’accessibilité de ces informations aux secteurs privé et public. Cet article s’appuie sur des études publiées pour synthétiser les avantages et les inconvénients potentiels d’une plus grande disponibilité et d’un meilleur accès aux cartes des inondations dans le contexte canadien, en analysant les transactions immobilières en particulier, mais également en tenant compte des implications sur l’aménagement du territoire, l’adhésion à l’assurance contre les inondations, et les impacts sur l’équité sociale. Notre étude souligne que l’accessibilité et la divulgation réglementée des cartes d’inondation réduisent légèrement la valeur des propriétés, mais pas dans la totalité de la réduction qui devrait être appliquée si les risques d’inondation étaient pleinement pris en compte ou réalisés. Il y a également des avantages importants lorsque les produits de cartographie des inondations sont plus accessibles, notamment une plus grande équité sociale, la réduction du défi de l’asymétrie des données (oú certains acheteurs et vendeurs disposent de meilleures informations que d’autres), une meilleure préparation aux situations d’urgence et une hausse de souscription d’assurances pour gérer les risques résiduels.

KEY POLICY HIGHLIGHTS

  • Making flood maps publicly available and accessible has many benefits.

  • Public awareness campaigns need to accompany flood map disclosure; maps should be easy to understand and up-to-date.

  • While properties within a floodplain may experience a ‘flood zone discount’, this is less than it should be when considering real risks and associated costs. Actual flood events typically reduce property values more than map disclosure.

  • Flood map disclosure contributes to fairness, and supports land use planning, individual building controls, and flood insurance uptake.

  • Disclosure should be viewed through an equity-lens, and additional research to determine appropriate accompanying policy instruments is needed.

Acknowledgements

We thank Jennifer Savoy and Marianne Corriveau from Public Safety Canada for reviewing the document and providing helpful input. We further thank two anonymous reviewers and the editor for their helpful and constructive feedback.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

Additional information

Funding

This research was conducted with partial financial support from Public Safety Canada.

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