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Research Article

Ecological impacts of management practices in agricultural drain networks: a literature synthesis

ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 19 Jan 2022, Accepted 12 Dec 2023, Published online: 16 Jan 2024
 

Abstract

Drain networks are essential for connecting farming landscapes to waterways to help mitigate floods and convey water downstream. Unfortunately, drains also convey nutrients and sediments from surface or tile drain run-off, which can impact critical habitats for benthic macroinvertebrates and fish communities, including many species at risk of extinction. To bridge discussions around drainage and ecological values associated with sustainable management of water resources in drainage systems, we conducted a comprehensive literature synthesis on the ecological impacts of drain management practices (DMPs) and best management practices (BMPs). To inform drain management at a regional scale, we extracted key findings from 111 peer-reviewed studies with similar physical attributes and management contexts representative of southwestern Ontario’s agricultural landscapes. Across studies, impacts of management practices were assessed over relatively short time periods (1 month − 2 years), limiting understanding of the long-term impacts and ecological or management trade-offs. Frequently measured water quality indicators included carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations. Fish biodiversity and abundance were the most commonly measured biodiversity indicators. Recent studies suggest that biodiversity in drain systems is highly resilient and consists of common species that can cope with management activities. Despite literature gaps, findings suggest that while both practices maintain critical drain functions, trade-offs between flood mitigation, biodiversity and water quality remain underexplored. BMPs have the potential to offer multiple co-benefits and greater uptake across the region and across agricultural landscapes in Canada yet place-based evidence is lacking. Cross-sector partnerships can help bolster efforts to critically assess and implement local solutions.

RÉSUMÉ

Les réseaux de drains sont essentiels pour relier les paysages agricoles aux voies navigables afin d‘atténuer les inondations et de transporter l‘eau en aval. Malheureusement, les drains transportent également des nutriments et des sédiments provenant des écoulements de surface ou des drains agricoles, ce qui peuvent avoir un impact sur les habitats critiques des macroinvertébrés benthiques et des communautés de poissons, y compris de nombreuses espèces menacées d‘extinction. Afin de faciliter les discussions sur le drainage et les valeurs écologiques associées à la gestion durable des ressources en eau dans les systèmes de drainage, nous avons réalisé une synthèse exhaustive de la littérature sur les impacts écologiques des pratiques de gestion des drains (PGD) et des pratiques de gestion optimales (PGO). Pour orienter la gestion des drains à l‘échelle régionale, nous avons extrait les principales conclusions de 111 études examinées par des pairs présentant des caractéristiques physiques similaires et des contextes de gestion représentatifs des paysages agricoles du sud-ouest de l‘Ontario. Dans l‘ensemble des études, les impacts des pratiques de gestion ont été évalués sur des périodes relativement courtes (un mois - deux ans), limitant la compréhension des impacts à long terme et des compromis écologiques ou de gestion. Les indicateurs de qualité de l‘eau fréquemment mesurés comprenaient les concentrations en carbone, azote et phosphore. La biodiversité et l‘abondance des poissons étaient les indicateurs de biodiversité les plus couramment mesurés. Des études récentes suggèrent que la biodiversité dans les systèmes de drainage est très résiliente et se compose d‘espèces communes capables de faire face aux activités de gestion. Malgré les lacunes dans la littérature, les conclusions suggèrent que bien que les deux pratiques maintiennent des fonctions critiques des drains, les compromis entre l‘atténuation des inondations, la biodiversité et la qualité de l‘eau restent peu explorés. Les PGO ont le potentiel d‘offrir plusieurs avantages simultanés et d‘avoir une plus grande acceptation dans la région et dans les paysages agricoles du Canada, mais des preuves spécifiques à chaque lieu font défaut. Les partenariats intersectoriels peuvent contribuer à renforcer les efforts visant à évaluer de manière critique et à mettre en œuvre des solutions locales.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Municipality of Chatham-Kent for the opportunity to present to the Board and public regarding the findings of this study. We thank the following Conservation Authorities in southwestern Ontario for their valuable input on a previous version of this draft: Ausable Bayfield, Catfish Creek, Essex Region, Kettle Creek, Lower Thames Valley, Maitland Valley, Saugeen Valley and St. Clair Region.

Author contributions

KVG and LD are joint lead authors of this work with KVG leading the initial drafts and community engagement and LD leading the manuscript submission, edits and final submission. KVG, LD, and CF conceptualized the study with input from partners at St. Clair Region Conservation Authority, the Municipality of Chatham-Kent and OMAFRA, then operationalized the search terms. KVG and LD conducted the data extraction and compiled the dataset, led the analysis and writing. CF contributed to the analysis, writing and revisions, and in facilitating knowledge mobilization and community peer-review efforts. KS contributed to the collection of publications, writing and revisions.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by OMAFRA and EcoCanada in support of KVG’s co-op placement based at the St. Clair Region Conservation Authority, with in-kind support from the Municipality of Chatham-Kent and the Healthy Headwaters Lab. CF and LD were supported by a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in Freshwater Restoration Ecology to CF and start-up grant from the University of Windsor.

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