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Research Articles

Military mobilisation of the Nationalist coup leaders during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939): the correlation between killing and recruitment

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Pages 163-186 | Published online: 28 Dec 2023
 

Abstract

Within the framework of a broader research project, the results of an analysis of the role of repression and forced recruitment in the Spanish Civil War is presented. This article focuses on a specific region that was taken over by the coup plotters from July 1936 onwards. This region, Galicia (in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula) was the main recruitment centre for the insurgent (nationalist) side. This article aims to show the role that recruitment played in the imposition of repressive terror in the rearguard, something that has been little studied in war studies.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 The Organic Divisions (known as military regions before and after the war) comprised eleven divisional military commands (a large unit with a general staff overseeing an unspecified number of brigades and regiments) in the overall military organisational system.

2 Miguel Cabo Villaverde, ‘Solidaridad Gallega y el desafío al sistema de la restauración, 1907–1911’, Ayer 64, no. 4 (2006), 235–59 and O agrarismo (Vigo: A Nosa Terra, 1998), 144. On the urban world and the labour movement: Antonio Míguez Macho, La construcción de la ciudadanía a través de los movimientos sociales. El movimiento obrero en Galicia (18901936) (Santiago de Compostela: Fundación 10 de marzo, 2008); Dionisio Pereira, A CNT en Galicia (19221936) (Santiago: Laiovento, 1994); Julián Casanova, De la calle al frente: el anarcosindicalismo en España (19131939) (Barcelona: Crítica, 1997).

3 Xesús Balboa, ‘Soldados e desertores: os galegos e o servicio militar no século xix’, Mentalidades colectivas e ideolóxicas, Xavier Castro and Jesús de Juana (Ourense: Servicio de Publicación de Ourense, 1991), 49–72.

4 Aurora Artiaga Rego, ‘Movilización rebelde en el verano de 1936. Galicia, ¿una nueva Covadonga?’, in Otras miradas sobre golpe, guerra y dictadura. Historia para un pasado incómodo, ed. by Lourenzo Fernández Prieto and Aurora Artiaga Rego (Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata, 2016), 111–49. Covadonga (Asturias) was supposedly where King Pelayo, in a skirmish elevated to a battle in 718, began the ‘Christian Reconquest’ of the territory of Al-Andalus, which would last for eight centuries.

5 James Matthews, Soldados a la fuerza. Reclutamiento obligatorio durante la Guerra Civil, 1936–1939 (Madrid: Alianza, 2013) 54–9; Michael Seidman, La Victoria Nacional. La eficacia contrarrevolucionaria en la Guerra Civil (Madrid: Alianza, 2012); Ángel Alcalde, Los excombatientes franquistas (Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2014), and idem, War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017); Eduardo González Calleja, ‘La cultura de guerra como propuesta historiográfica: una reflexión general desde el contemporaneísmo español’, Historia Social, 61 (2008), 69–87, idem, ‘Experiencia en combate: continuidad y cambios en la violencia represiva (1931–1939)’, Ayer 76 (2009), 37–64; Miguel Alonso Ibarra, ‘La oferta del Nuevo Estado. Propaganda e ideologización del combatiente sublevado en la guerra civil española (1936–1939)’, Historia y Política 44, (2020), 305–35, DOI: <https://doi.org/10.18042/hp.44.11>.

6 Pierre Purseigle, Mobilisation, Sacrifice et Citoyenneté. Angleterre – France, 1900–1918 (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2013); Benjamin Ziemann, Violence and the German Soldier in the Great War. Killing, Dying, Surviving (London: Bloomsbury, 2017).

7 From the collection Terra e Memoria. Only those offering the most useful information to support the reader are cited.

8 They also consider the violence deployed to be part of a cultural context established after the First World War, framing it in a conflict between revolution and counter-revolution that affects the whole world: Javier Rodrigo and David Alegre, Comunidades rotas (Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, 2021); Ángel Alcalde, Excombatientes y fascismo en la Europa de Entreguerras (Valencia: Publicacions de la Universitat de Valencia, 2022).

9 Lourenzo Fernández Prieto and Aurora Artiaga Rego, ‘Sabemos poco del pasado incómodo. Otras miradas sobre el golpe, la guerra y la dictadura’, in Otras miradas sobre golpe, guerra y dictadura. Historia para un pasado incómodo, ed. by Lourenzo Fernández Prieto and Aurora Artiaga Rego (Madrid: La Catarata, 2014), 11–50.

10 Francisco Sánchez Pérez (ed.), Los mitos del 18 de julio (Barcelona: Crítica, 2013), 79–182.

11 Francisco J. Leira-Castiñeira, Soldados de Franco. Reclutamiento forzoso, experiencia de guerra y desmovilización militar (Madrid: Siglo XXI España, 2020), 45–62.

12 Each mobilisation year was divided into four ‘quarters’. Those born in January, February and March formed the 1st Quarter; those born in April, May and June formed the 2nd Quarter; those born in July, August and September formed the 3rd Quarter; those born in October, November and December formed the 4th Quarter.

13 ‘Arriba España’, El Eco Franciscano, Santiago de Compostela, 1 October 1936, no. 1.026, 427.

14 Stefanie Schüler-Springorum, La guerra como aventura. La Legión Cóndor en la Guerra Civil española, 1936–1939 (Madrid: Alianza, 2014)

15 Antonio Miguez, La genealogía genocida del franquismo (Madrid: Abada, 2014). This began a process that would spread socially and territorially during the years of the Second World War: Lourenzo Fernández Prieto, ‘Represión franquista y desarticulación social en Galicia’, Historia social 15 (1993) 49–65.

16 Leira-Castiñeira, 226–36.

17 Data obtained from the Interuniversity Project Nomes e Voces, <nomesevoces.net> (histagra.usc.es).

18 See the recent thesis of Conchi López Sánchez, ‘El golpe de estado, las persecuciones y la retaguardia en la guerra civil española: las actitudes sociales en Galicia (1936–1939’), Prog. Historia Contemporánea. EDIUS.USC, 2021.

19 AGMAV, E. N. C. 1209, cp. 41. 1.ªº Sección. Ejército del Norte. Servicio de Policía. Organización Cuerpo de Policía.

20 Interview of J.O.G. by Andrés Domínguez (2010). Interuniversity Project Nomes e Voces. Fondo 4.009.

21 Interview of Ovidio Becerra by Andrés Domínguez (2008). Interuniversity Project Nomes e Voces. Fondo 2.309.

22 Interview of José Garrido by Mónica Rocha (2007). Interuniversity Project Nomes e Voces. Fondo 2.297.

23 Data obtained from the Interuniversity Project Nomes e Voces, <nomesevoces.net> (histagra.usc.es).

24 Leira-Castiñeira, 147–64.

25 Data obtained from the Interuniversity Project Nomes e Voces, <nomesevoces.net> (histagra.usc.es).

26 Interview of M.F.L. (1992), Fondo Historga, reference 613.

27 Lourenzo Fernández Prieto and Gustavo Hervella, eds., Historia de la guerra civil contada por dos hermanas: memorias del golpe, revolución y guerra (Granada: Editorial Comares, 2018); Patricio Escobal, The Death Row (New York, 1967) published in Spanish as Las Sacas (A Coruña: Edicións do Castro, 2005).

28 Díaz was in the municipal prison at the same time as several businessmen and the political and cultural elite of Santiago de Compostela, such as the set designer and graphic artist Camilo Díaz Baliño, killed on 14 August 1936: Gerardo Díaz, Os que non morreron (Santiago: Ediciós do Castro, 1982).

29 Andrés Domínguez Almansa, ‘De los relatos de terror al protagonismo de la memoria: el golpe de Estado de 1936 y la larga sombra de la represión’, Historia Antropología y Fuentes Orales 40 (2008), 37–74.

30 Lourenzo Fernández Prieto and Antonio Miguez Macho, eds., Golpistas e verdugos de 1936 (Vigo: Galaxia, 2018). The declaration of a state of war was used – by order of civil power – to transfer public order and justice into the hands of the army by decision of civil power: Mónica Lanero Táboas, Una milicia de la justicia: la política judicial del franquismo (1936–1945) (Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 1996).

31 Such was the case of resistance in the cities of A Coruña, Ferrol and Vigo as well as Tui, Vilagarcía, Verín, Monforte and Ribadeo: Emilio Grandío (ed.), Anos de odio. Golpe, represión e guerra civil na provincia da Coruña (1936–1939) (A Coruña: Deputación, 2007); Xosé Manuel Suárez, Guerra civil e represión en Ferrol e comarca (Ferrol: Concello Ferrol, 2002), 24959; Julio Prada, De la agitación republicana a la represión franquista (Barcelona: Ariel, 2006); Lourenzo Fernández Prieto and Antonio Miguez Macho, eds., Golpistas e verdugos de 1936 (Vigo: Galaxia, 2018).

32 Sebastian Balfour, Abrazo mortal. De la guerra colonial a la Guerra Civil en España y Marruecos (Barcelona: Península, 2018); Daniel Macías Fernández, Franco ‘nació en África’: los africanistas y las Campañas de Marruecos (Madrid: Tecnos, 2019).

33 Mola needed fascist support: ‘An attempt has been made to provoke a violent situation between two opposing political sectors in order to proceed on that basis, but it is the case that until now (despite the assistance provide by some political elements) it has not been possible to do so…’. Point 3 of the Reserved Report of 1 July 1936, in Ángel Viñas, ‘La connivencia fascista con la sublevación y otros éxitos de la trama civil’, 79182.

34 Julio Prada, ‘Fuxidos, entobados, desertores e contrabandistas. Aproximación a problemática das orixes da resistencia antifranquista en Ourense’, Minius, 14 (2006), 22138.

35 AGMAV, c. 1.219, L. 11, cp. 16. 2.a Sección. Ejército del Norte. Orden Público de Pontevedra, January 1937.

36 AGMAV, c. 1.209, cp. 41. 1.a Sección. Ejército del Norte. Servicio de Policía. Organización Cuerpo de Policía.

37 Xabier Buxeiro, ‘Paseos, execucións e otros asasinatos. A organización e posta en marcha da maquinaria de exterminio golpista en Galiza’, in Estado de excepción e terrorismo de Estado, ed. by Lisandro Cañón and César Manuel Román (Córdoba: Lago Editora, 2020); Fernández Prieto, Miguez and Vilavedra, eds., 1936: un nuevo relato (Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2020).

38 Aurora Artiaga Rego, ‘Movilización rebelde en el verano de 1936’, 111–49.

39 Data obtained from the Interuniversity Project Nomes e Voces, <nomesevoces.net> (histagra.usc.es).

40 As the data obtained from the Nomes e Voces Research Project demonstrate.

41 One of many examples is the case of a woman from the town of Marín (Pontevedra), ‘A Capirota’, who was attacked, raped and abandoned in a ditch: interview with José Alfonso Dopazo by Andrés Domínguez Almansa. Marín, 2006. Interuniversity Project Nomes e Voces. Fondo 2.069.

42 Daniel Lanero, ed., Memorias de José Arias. ¿Mis ‘pecados’? (Santiago: Fundación 10 de marzo, 2007), 918.

43 Juicios Regimiento de Montaña Zamora 29, Regimiento de Montaña Zamora N.º 29, AIRMNO, 3.141/37, 16.

44 Leira-Castiñeira, 1569.

45 This includes the active socialisation of youth through sport since the beginning of the twenty-first century: Andrés Domínguez Almansa, Historia social do deporte en Galicia, 1850–1920 (Vigo: Galaxia, 2009); Jorge Uría, Historia social del ocio en Asturias, 1898–1914 (Oviedo: CEH-UGT, 1996).

46 Miguel Cabo and Xosé R. Veiga, ‘Una sociedad politizada en un liberalismo más que centenario’, Otras miradas sobre golpe, guerra y dictadura. Historia para un pasado incómodo, ed. by Lourenzo Fernández Prieto and Aurora Artiaga Rego (Madrid: La Catarata, 2014), 5180.

47 Justo Beramendi, De provincia a nación. Historia do galleguismo político (Vigo: Xerais, 2007). One interviewee called it ‘the biggest that I had ever seen’: interview of B.F.A. (1990), Fondo Historga, reference 5.

48 Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios, Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931–1936 (Madrid: Alianza, 2011), 23–5; Ismael Saz, Fascismo y franquismo (Valencia: Universitat de València, 2004).

49 ‘Fascistisation and its link to war’ in Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (London: Routledge, 1991), 116–18; Roger Griffin, Fascismos (Madrid: Alianza, 2018); Robert O. Paxton, Anatomía del fascismo (Madrid: Capitán Swing, 2019); Zeev Sternhell et. al., El nacimiento de la ideología fascista (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 2016); Ferrán Gallego, El Evangelio fascista, 78–109, 131, 140; Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios, 146–230 and ‘La violencia y sus discursos: Los límites de la ʻfascistizaciónʼ de la derecha española durante el régimen de la Segunda República’, Ayer 71 (2008), 85–116; Javier Rodrigo, La guerra fascista (Madrid: Alianza, 2018).

50 Aurora Artiaga Rego, ‘Movilización rebelde en el verano de 1936’, 111–49.

51 La Ametralladora, 21 March 1937, 13.

52 Gabriel Cardona, El poder militar en la España contemporánea hasta la guerra civil (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1983).

53 El Pueblo Gallego, 11 August 1936, 3–4.

54 Leira-Castiñeira, 41–5.

55 Ibid., 85–92.

56 Emilio Grandío, ed., Las Columnas gallegas hacia Oviedo: diario bélico de la guerra civil española (1936–1937) de Faustino Vázquez Carril (Bayona: Nigratrea, 2011), 97–101.

57 As demonstrated in the more than 400 interviews carried out, between 2006 and 2015, with victims of the coup in Galicia. Nomes e Voces Research Project.

58 On rumours in wars: Arno Mayer, The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001).

59 Organización Cuerpo de Policía, 1.a Sección, Ejército del Norte, Servicio de Policía, AGMAV, c. 1.209, cp. 41.

60 Aurora Artiaga Rego, ‘Movilización rebelde en el verano de 1936’, 111–49.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Francisco J. Leira-Castiñeira

Francisco J. Leira-Castiñeira has a doctorate in history from the University of Santiago de Compostela, ‘The socialisation of the soldiers of the rebel army (19361945). Its role in the consolidation of the Franco regime’ (2018) which won the Miguel Artola Prize for PhD in Contemporary History of the Contemporary History Association in collaboration with the Center for Political and Constitutional Studies. He has been a visiting fellow at the University College Dublin – Centre of War Studies. His most recent publications are La consolidación social del franquismo. La influencia de la guerra en los soldados de franco (Santiago: Servicio de publicaciones de la USC, 2014) and Soldados de Franco. Reclutamiento forzoso, experiencia de guerra y desmovilización militar (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 2020).

Lourenzo Fernández Prieto

Lourenzo Fernández Prieto is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Santiago de Compostela since 2005. He is currently director of the Department of History at USC, Vice President of the Society for the Studies of Agrarian History (SEHA) and Director of the Juana de Vega Chair. A specialist in the history of rural societies and agrarian technological change, he researches on the construction of modernity in the rural world and on the period of the civil war and the Franco dictatorship. He is a member of the editorial boards of a number of historical research journals. He was Vice Chancellor for Institutional Relations at USC between 2007 and 2010 and Director of the Department of Contemporary and American History at USC until 2016. Among his many publications the most recent are: with Miguel Cabo Villaverde and Juan Pan-Montojo, Agriculture in the Age of Fascism: Authoritarian Technocracy and Rural Modernization, 1922–1945 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2014); with A. Miguez Macho, Golpistas e verdugos de 1936. Historia dun pasado incómodo (Vigo: Galaxia, 2018); with Dolores Vilavedra, Antonio Cazorla and Antonio Miguez Macho, 1936 un nuevo relato (Zaragoza: PUZ, 2020); with Daniel Lanero Táboas (eds.) Leche y Lecheras en el Siglo XX. De la fusión innovadora orgánica a la Revolución Verde (Zaragoza: PUZ, 2020); with Alba Díaz-Geada (eds), Senderos de la historia. Miradas y actores en medio siglo de historia rural (Granada: Comares, 2020.)

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