Soldiers, civilians, and supply: lessons from Sevastopol

Abstract

This article examines the supply crisis in Sevastopol during the Crimean War as a case study of war, economy, and society. Evidence shows that structural change and policy developments, rather than a technology deficit, produced systemic shortages across the Russian Empire. The resulting supply crisis on the battlefield spread from the military through the home front, and back again. Protests erupted as hungry soldiers and civilians sought scapegoats in vulnerable social groups. A new suspicion of internal enemies connected to supply networks emerged, and lasted into the Soviet era. While many aspects are unique to the Russian and Ukrainian historical experience, the potential social threat inherent to military supply remains universal.

Keywords:

• Ukraine
• Russian military
• Crimean War
• food supply
• kulak

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1 Brian Cooke, The Grand Crimean Central Railway: The Railway That Won A War (Knutsford: Cavalier House, 1997); Diana Konstantinova ‘Pervyikh, Russkaia i Angliskaia pressa 1850-x godov ob organizatsii zheleznodorozhnogo soobshcheniia v gody krymskoi voiny’, Labirint: zhurnal sotsial’no gumanitarnykh issledovanii 3, (2015), 22–9; Bill Valentine Tschebotarioff, ‘The Early Days of Russian Railroads’, The Russian Review 15, no. 1 (1956), 14–28. For a more recent statement: Trevor Royle, Crimea: the Great Crimean War, 1854–1856 (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2000), 4–7; Yakup Bektas, ‘The Crimean War as a Technological Enterprise’, The Royal Society Notes and Records 71 (2017), 233–62.

2 For arguments against ‘rail’ backwardness: Richard Mobray Haywood, Russia Enters the Railway Age, 1842–1855 (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1998), 577–92; M.I. Voronin and M.M. Voronina, Pavel Melnikov and the Creation of the Railway System
in Russia, 1804–1880, trans. John C. Decker (Danville, PA: Languages of Montour Press, 1995), 43–5.

3 For a biography: N.K. Shil’der ‘Feodor Karlovich Zatler, 1825–1876’, Russkaia Starina 20, no. 9 (1877): 127–65.

4 F K. Zatler, Zapiski o prodovol’stvii voisk v voennoe vremia, 4 vols. (St. Petersburg: tip. Torgovogo doma S. Strugovshikova, 1860–1865).

5 Book V, Chapter XIV, ‘Subsistence’ in On war, by Karl von Clausewitz, translated from the German by Colonel J.J. Graham, New and Revised Edition with Notes by F. N. Maude, In Three Volumes, (New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1918), II, 86–106; Antoine-Henri de Jomini The Art of War, trans. G.H. Mendell and W.P. Craighill, introduction by John Allen Price (Ontario: Legacy Books Press, 2008).

6 Zatler, I,/ii.

7 Mara Kozelsky, Crimea in War and Transformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).

8 For example: Lars Lih, Bread and Authority in Russia 1914–1921 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990) as well as multiple contributions to Indiana University Press’s multi-volume series Russia’s Great War and Revolution <https://slavica.indiana.edu/series/Russia_Great_War_Series>, including the work of Colleen Moore. See also I.I. Steloval’nikova, ‘Sistema prodovol’stvennogo snabzheniia naseleniia i organizatsiia postavok khleba dlia armii v Rossii v godyi Pervoi mirovoi voiny’, Vlast’ 29, no. 22 (2021), 239–46.

9 ‘Russian convoy stuck in the mud?; Four possible reasons snaking line of military vehicles hasn't moved for days’, National Post (f/k/a The Financial Post) (Canada), 4 March 2022; Dan Sabbagh Defense and security editor, ‘Russia “solving logistics problems” and could attack Kyiv within days – experts’, Guardian (London), 8 March 2022; Kent Masing, ‘Russia Faces “Critical Shortage” Of Artillery, Success In Ground Attacks “Rapidly Diminishing”: UK Defense’, Newstex Blogs International Business Times News, 16 December 2022, <https://www.ibtimes.com/russia-faces-critical-shortage-artillery-success-ground-attacks-rapidly-diminishing-uk-3647972>.

10 John A. Lynn, Feeding Mars: Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the Present (Oxford: Westview, 1993); Martin van Creveld, Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 


11 Pepijn Brandon, Sergio Solbes Ferri, and Ivan Valdez-Bubnov, ‘Introduction: Mobilising resources for the Army and Navy in the Eighteenth-Century Spanish Empire: Comparative, Transnational and Imperial Dimensions’, War & Society 40, no. 1 (February 2021), 1–8.

12 John W. Steinberg, ‘The military history of Romanov Russia’, War & Society 40, no. 2 (May 2021), 155–68.

13 Important exceptions include works referenced above, as well as Wendy Goldman and Donald Filtzer, Hunger and War: Food Provisioning in the Soviet Union During World War II (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press), 2015.

14 Mara Kozelsky, ‘Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars During the Crimean War’, Slavic Review 67, no. 4 (2008), 862–91.

15 Important works include John Doyle Klier, Imperial Russia‘s Jewish Question, 1855–1881 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998) and Pål Kolstø ‘Competing with entrepreneurial diasporians: origins of anti-Semitism in nineteenth-century Russia’, Nationalities Papers 42, no. 4 (2014), 691–707.

16 Olga Dobronozhenko’s ground-breaking study of the term kulak in Soviet discourse points to pre-revolutionary origins but does not go into detail nor does she address the term in the context of the Crimean War: Galina P. Dobronozhenko, Kulak kak ob’ekt sotsial’noi politiki v 20-e-pervoi’ polovine 30-x godox XX veka (na materialakh Evropeiskogo Severa Rossii), (St Petersburg: Nauka, 2008), 7–10.

17 Candan Badem, The Ottoman Crimean War (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 104.

18 Sekretnye bumagi po raznvm predmetam, otnosiashchimsia k zanatiiu Dunaiskikh kniazhestv i k opisaniiu Kryma, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voenno-istoricheskii archive (RGVIA), f. 846, d. 16, f. 5407, 13.

19 E.V. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 1944), I, 270; Nazan Çiçek, ‘The Eastern Question in Turkish Republican Textbooks: Settling Old Scores with the European and Ottoman Other’, in Russian Ottoman Borderlands: the Eastern Question Reconsidered (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2014); David M. Goldfrank, ‘The Holy Sepulcher and the Origin of the Crimean War’ in The Military and Society in Russia: 1450–1917, ed. Eric Lohr and Marshal Poe (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 491–506. Prince Alexander Menshikov, who later commanded Sevastopol when war broke out, had spent most of March in Istanbul unsuccessfully advocating for more substantial Russian oversight of Ottoman Christian affairs: David Goldfrank, ‘Policy traditions and the Menshikov Mission of 1853’, in Imperial Russian Foreign Policy, ed. Hugh Ragsdale, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1993), 119–25.

20 Brătianu is quick to point out that power over the sea is never static but begins to unravel as soon as it forms: Gheorghe I. Brătianu, La Mer noire, des origines à la conquête ottomane Acta Historica vol. IX (Munich: Societatea academică română, 1969), 37.

21 Radu Florescu, The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities (Iaşi: The Center for Romanian Studies, 1997), 74; Viktor Taki, Tsar and Sultan: Russian Encounters with the Ottoman Empire (London: I.B. Tauris, 2016).

22 Veniamin Ciobanu, ‘The Impact of the Crimean War on the Juridical Status of the Romanian Principalities, (1853–1866)’ in The Crimean War, 1853–1856: Colonial Skirmish or Rehearsal for World War? Empires, Nations and Individuals, ed. Jerszy W. Borejsz (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Neriton Instytut PAN, 2011), 129–53.

23 Frederick Kagan describes the process of compiling the reform, focusing primarily on spheres of military authority. In drawing on the reform as a source, Elise Wirtschafter has shown how the code regulated soldiers’ lives: Frederick Kagan, The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: the Origins of the Modern Russian Army (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 1999); Elise Wirtschafter, From Serf to Russian Soldier (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).

24 Russia, ‘Obrazovanie departmenta Kommisariatskago’, clauses 83–92, 24–9 and ‘Obrazovanie departmenta Proviantskago’, clauses 93–100, in Svod voennyi postavlenyii, I/1 (St Petersburg: Tip. II-go Otd. sobstvennoi E.I.V. Kantseliarii, 1838). A.M. Zaoinchkovskii summarises the supply regulations in Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856 gg v sviazi s sovremennoi ei politicheskoi obstanovskoi (St Petersburg: ekspeditsiia zagotovleniia gosucarstvennyikh bumag, 1908), I 510–21; and I prilozheniia, no. 177, ‘Dovol’stvie voisk’, 486–90. See also Polivanov, Ocherk ustroiistva prodovol′stvovaniia russkoii armii, 31–42.

25 Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossisskoi Imperii (PSZRI), XXI, no. 20670 (5 December 1846), 463–587.

26 A.A. Polivanov, Ocherk ustroiistva prodovol′stvovaniia russkoii armii na Pridunaiskom teatr v kampanii 1853–54 i 1877 gg. (St. Petersburg: Nikolaevskaia akademiia general’nogo shtaba, 1894, 1–31.

27 Frederick Kagan, ‘Russia’s Wars with Napoleon, 1805–1815’, 102–22 and Kagan, ‘Russia’s Small Wars, 1805–1861’, in The Military History of Tsarist Russia, ed. Frederick W. Kagan and Robin Higham, (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2002), 123–37; S.V. Gavrilov, ‘Reorganizatsiia upravleniia snabzheniem russkoi armii v 1816–1825 godakh’, Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Istoriia i politicheskie nauki 3, (2009), 28–34.

28 PSZRI, XXI no. 20670 clause 27 and 42–43 (5 December 1846), 496–7. For Paskevich’s role: S.V. Gavrilov, ‘Razvitie zakonodatel’noi bazy material’nogo snabzheniia russkoi armii v xix veke’, Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Istoriia i politicheskie nauki, 2 (2009), 3–12; here 5.

29 S.V. Gavrilov, ‘Razvitie zakonodatel’noi bazy material’nogo snabzheniia’, 5–6; Zatler, I, 192–3.

30 On Kankrin’s theories about military economy: Chris Monday, ‘Ot voennoi i ekonimicheskii nauke: voina i mira v mirozrenii E. F. Kankrina’, Dialog so vremeni (2009), 42–65.

31 N.M. Druzhinin, Gosudarstvennye Krest’iane i reforma P.D. Kiseleva, 2 vols. (Moscow: Isdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1958); Bruce Lincoln, ‘Count P.D. Kiselev: A Reformer in Imperial Russia’, Australian Journal of Politics and History 16, no. 2 (1970), 177–86.

32 Ian W. Roberts, Nicholas I and the Russian Intervention in Hungary (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 1991), 123–4.

33 Roberts, 134–5, 143–5.

34 Shil’der, 127–65.

35 Zatler, I, 191.

36 The best book on the broad geography of the war is: Andrew C. Rath, The Crimean War in Imperial Context, 1854–1856 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

37 Ob uskorenii proizvodstva rabot po ukrepleniiu Sevastopoliia s sukhoputnoi storony, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5611, 1-22.

38 Rath, 25.

39 Badem, 100.

40 Ob ob’’iavlenii voennogo polozheniia Gubernii: Khersonskoi, Tavricheskoi i Bessarabskoi oblasti, Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Odesskoi Oblasti (GAOO), f. 1, op. 172, d. 69,1–12; PSZRI, 2nd ser., XXVIII, no. 27707 (19 November 1853), 561; PSZRI, 2nd ser., XXXI, no. 30822 (7 August 1856), 661.

41 Zatler, I, 192–5.

42 Kozelsky, Crimea in War and Transformation, 13–32.

43 Winfried Baumgart, The Crimean War: 1853–1856 (London: Bloomsbury Academic Press, 1999), 83.

44 Badem, 109–43. The dual date reflects the difference between the Russian Empire’s use of the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar used in the West.

45 Zatler, I, 195.

46 Zatler, I, 192–203; Zhurnaly dostavlennye ot otriadnykh nach. voisk 5-go pekh. korpusa v 1853 g. RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5413, 48, 55.

47 Zhurnaly dostavlennye ot otriadnykh nach. voisk 5-go pekh. korpusa v 1853 g. RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5413, 48, 55.

48 Zatler, I, 192–203.

49 Baumgart, 93–5.

50 Polivanov, Ocherk ustroistva prodovol’stvovaniia russkoi armii, i–ii; and 129–30.

51 A.N. Liders to M.D. Gorchakov, 31 July 1853, RGVIA f. 846, op. 16, d. 5407, 10 ob.

52 Alan Fisher, Crimean Tatars (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986); Gul’nara Bekirova, Krym i krymskie tatary v XIX–XX vekakh: Sbornik statei (Moscow: self-published 2005); Brian Glyn Williams, The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin’s Conquest (London: C. Hurst and Co., 2015).


53 Extended analysis of pre-war population data can be found in V.G. Tur, ‘Religioznye obshchiny Kryma,’ in Problemy integratsii Kryma v sostav Rossii 1783–1825, ed. N.I. Khrapunov and D.V. Konkin, 217–45 (Sevastopol: Al’batros, 2017). See also Fond podderzhki i razvitiia evreiskoi kul’tury, traditsii, obrazovaniia, i nauki, Evrei, Krymchaki, Karaimy sredi narodov Kryma (Moscow: Vorob’ev 2016).

54 A.M. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853-1856 gg v sviazi s sovremennoi ei politicheskoi obstanovskoi tom I, prilozheniia (St. Petersburg: ekspeditsiia zagotovleniia gosucarstvennyikh bumag, 1908), 487.

55 Otchet nachalnika Tavricheskoi gubernii za 1854, RGIA, f. 1263 op. 1, d. 2481, ll. 17–18. 


56 Baumgart, 116.

57 Tarle, II, 132.

58 Paskevich to Osten-Sacken, 24 February 1854, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5500, 28–36.

59 Badem, 243–55.

60 L.G. Beskrovnyi, Russkoe voennoe iskusstvo XIXv (Moscow: izd. Nauka, 1974), 253–56; Tarle, II, 132–7.

61 A.S. Menshikov to N.N. Annenkov, 13 Sept. 1854, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5492, 58–9; A.D. Kamovskii, ‘Pod Gromom Krymskoi Voiny’, Russkii Vestnik vol. 134 (1878), 163–97.


62 Kopii s zapisok za podpisam general-ad’’iutanta kniazia Gorchakova, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5946, O narodnom soprotivlenii v sluchae vtorzheniia nepriiatelia v predely Imperii, 3.

63 Kelly O’Neill, Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great’s Southern Empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017).


64 Izmail Muftizade, ‘Ocherk voennoi sluzhby krymskikh tatar, s 1783 po 1899 god (po arkhivnym materialiam)’, ITUAK 30/20 (1899), 1–24.

65 V.S. Rakov, Moi vospominaniia o Evpatorii v epokhu Krymskoi voiny, 1853–1856 
(Evpatoria: tip. M. L. Murovanskago, 1904); Anon., Nekotorye obstoiatel’stva zhizni Evpatoriiskikh Khristian vo vremia i posle zaniatiia 
goroda Evpatorii Angliiskimi, Frantsuzskimi i Turetskimi Voiskami, Rossiiskaia Natsional’naia Biblioteka, f. 313, op. 1, 
d. 44 lichnyi arkhivnyi fond Arkhiepiskopa Innokentiia, 727–40; 733. 



66 Dates of the battles reflect the difference in the Russian Empire's use of Julian Calendar and the Gregorian calendar used by the Allies. The Bolsheviks adopted the Gregorian calendar after the Russian Revolution in 1917.

67 For anti-Islamic attitudes among Cossack transfers from the Caucasian campaign: Kozelsky ‘Casualties of Conflict’.

68 For example Anon., ‘Zametki Rysskago sel’skago khoziaina o postavke proviant dlia voisk’, Severnaia Pchela, (29 October 1856), 239.

69 Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv v Avtonomnoi Respublike Krym (GAARK), f. 26, op. 1, d. 20004, 1–490. 


70 Although this article is focused on food supply, it is important to note that shortages extended into the medical wing of the army. In 1855, for example, the doctor Nikolai Pirogov observed men lying on the ground in filthy underclothes, without blankets or coats. The pharmacy was under-stocked. Pirogov blamed the shortages on lazy hospital commissaries, who he said, could not be bothered to fill out the paperwork: N.I. Pirogov, Sevastopol’skiia pis’ma N. I. Pirogova 1854–1855, ed. Iu. G. Malis (St. Petersburg: tip. M. Merkusheva, 1907), 145–52. Iulia Naumova argues that despite deficiencies, Russian hospitals were as well prepared or better than the Allies: Iu.A. Naumova, Ranenie, Bolezn’ i Smert’: Russkaia Meditsinskaia sluzhba v Krymskuiu voinu, 1853–1856 gg. (Moscow: Modest Kolerov, 2010).

71 Fr. Dombrovskii, ‘Buria 2-go noiabria 1854 goda, v Krymu’, Odesskii vestnik, 1854, no. 127; reprinted in Moskovskie Vedomosti 145 (1854); Baumgart, 137–8.

72 The French army was better supplied than the British in Crimea: Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2011), 288–90.

73 Kamovskii, 187.

74 Prikaz no. 75, March 6 1855, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5617, ch. 1, 45.


75 John Sheton Curtiss, ‘The Army of Nicholas I: its Role and Character’, The American Historical Review 63, no. 4 (1958), 880–9; here 888.

76 Menshikov, Prikaz no. 72, 28 February 1855, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5617, 42; Gorchakov, Prikaz no. 83, 10 Mar. 1855, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5617, 49. 



77 Prikaz no. 102, 28 March 1855, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5617, 60.

78 RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5946, 3.

79 M.D. Gorchakov, Prikaz no. 99, 25 March 1855, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5617, 59; Prikaz no. 102, 28 March 1855, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5617, 60.

80 On Crimea viewed as sacrificial: Baumgart, 58; Figes, 397.

81 Anon., Sud nad polevym intendantstvom v 1856–1859 godu, 18.

82 Kozelsky, Crimea in War and Transformation, 124–33.

83 Military Governor of Kiev to Liders, 6 April 1855, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 23, 23ob; and 7 April 1855, RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 25–32; P.A. Zaionchkovskii, The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia, edited and translated by Susan Wobst, introduction by Terrence Emmons (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1978), 42; and Mel’nikova, Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ i Krymskaia Voina, 186–91.

84 V.L. Stepanov, ‘Krymskaia voina i ekonomika Rossii’, Voprosy Teoreticheskoi Ekonomiki 1 (2018), 117–37; here 118.

85 The most substantial study of the peace remains Winfried Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy, and Peacemaking (Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1981). 


86 Arsenii Markevich, ‘Pereseleniia Krymskikh Tatar v Turtsiu v Sviazi s Dvizhennem naseleniia v Krymu’, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, VII Seriia otd. Gumanitarnykh nauk, 1928, no. 4–7: 375–89; Alan W. Fisher, ‘Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years After the Crimean War’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
35, no. 3 (1987), 356–71; Brian Glyn Williams, ‘Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire’, Cahiers du monde Russe 41, no. 1 (January–March 2000), 79–108; James Meyer, ‘Immigration, Return, and the Politics of Citizenship: Russian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, 1860–1914’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 1 (2007), 9–26; Mara Kozelsky, ‘The Crimean War and the Tatar Exodus’ in Russian Ottoman Borderlands, Lucien Frary and Mara Kozelsky eds, (Madison, WI: Wisconsin University Press, 2014), 165–92.

87 E. Willis Brooks, ‘Reform in the Russian Army, 1856–1861’, Slavic Review 43, no. 1 (Spring, 1984), 63–82.

88 Anon., Sud nad polevym intendantstvom v 1856–1859 godu (Liepzig: Wolfgang Gerhard) 16.

89 RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d. 411, ob-6ob.

90 Unsigned letter to Vasil’chikov, RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d. 416, 57ob.

91 RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d. 411, 6ob.

92 Anon., Sud nad polevym intendantstvom, 16.

93 Alexis Peri, ‘Heroes, Cowards and Traitors: The Crimean War and Its Challenge to Russian Autocracy’, Berkeley Program in Soviet and post-Soviet Working Papers Series. Institute of East European and Eurasian Studies, (MA Thesis, University of California in Berkeley, 2008).

94 Anon., ‘Pravda li?’, Kolokol (July 1857), 10.

95 Robert E. Jones, Bread Upon the Waters: The St. Petersburg Grain Trade 1703–1811 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013), 27–8.

96 ‘Otchet upravliaiushchago chernomorskoiu revizionoiu kommisieiu Tainago Sovetnik Zhandra za 1854’, Morskoi Sbornik 14, no. 2 (22 January 1855), 129–33 134-8.

97 The text of the circular is published in ‘Dnevnik Grafa Petra Aleksandrovicha Valueva: 1847–1860’, 349–370, Russkaia Starina (May 1891), 369.

98 Zapiski Kniazia Dmitrii Alexandrovich Obolensky (St. Petersburg: Sankt Peterburgskogo Instituta Istoriia ‘RAN,’ 2005), fn. 1, 474.

99 Dmitrii Alexandrovich Obolenskii, ‘Izvlechenie iz otcheta Direktora Kommisariatskago Departmenta Morskago Ministerstva, Statskago Sovetnika Kniazia Obolenskago za 1855 god’, Morskoi Sbornik 21, no. 5 (March 1856), 380.

100 Anon., ‘Zametki Russkago sel’skago khoziaina o postavke proviant dlia voisk’, Severnaia Pchela 239, (29 October 1856).

101 Anon., ‘Neskol’ko slov po povodu vozbuzhdennyikh voprosov o sposobakh zagotovleniia provianta i furazha dlia armii i flota’, MorskoiSbornik 26, no. 14 (December 1856), 75.

102 Ibid., 80.

103 Ibid., 83.

104 K.V., ‘Zamechaniia na stat’iu o sposobakh zagotovleniia provianta dlia armii i flota’, Morskoi Sbornik (1857) 3/4 (Smes’),1–17, 323–39.

105 Zatler, II, 1–5.

106 Vasilieos Zeimpekis, Soumia Iouchia and Ioannis Minis (eds), Humanitarian and Relief Logistics: Research Issues, Case Studies and Future Trends (New York and London: Springer, 2013).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Mara Kozelsky

Mara Kozelsky is Professor of History at the University of South Alabama with numerous publications in Russian and Ukrainian history. Her book Crimea in War and Transformation (Oxford 2019) received honorable mention for 2019 the Marshall Shulman Prize and was a co-winner of the 2022 Book Award for the Southern Conference on Slavic Studies.