Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Inter-Eye Differences of Refractive Errors in a Population-Based Japanese Cohort: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Eye Study

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To investigate the prevalence, associated factors, and inter-eye differences of myopia and astigmatism in an adult Japanese population-based cohort.

Methods

A total of 4282 participants from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Eye Study (ToMMo Eye Study) underwent comprehensive ocular examinations as well as extensive physiological tests and a lifestyle questionnaire. The spherical equivalent (SE) and cylinder power were obtained as refractive parameters. The age- and gender-stratified prevalences of high myopia (SE < −5D), myopia (SE < −0.5D), hyperopia (SE > 0.5D), astigmatism (cylinder power < −0.5D), and anisometropia (SE difference >1D) were calculated. Multivariable analyses were performed to identify associated factors for refractive error (RE). Distribution and associated factors of the inter-eye difference in RE were also investigated.

Results

The age-adjusted prevalence of high myopia, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia was 15.9%, 63.5%, 14.7%, 51.1%, and 14.7%, respectively. Both myopia and high myopia were more prevalent in the younger age group, while astigmatism was more prevalent in the older age group. Age, education, blood pressure, intraocular pressure, and corneal thickness are significantly associated with myopic refraction. Age, gender, intraocular pressure, and corneal thickness are correlated with astigmatism. Older age was associated with against-the-rule astigmatism. Older age, myopia, and longer education showed a significant correlation with large inter-eye differences in SERE.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the high prevalence of myopia in young Japanese, which may be caused by a generational shift. This study also confirmed the influence of age and education on both the prevalence and inter-eye differences of RE.

Keywords:

• refractive error
• myopia
• population-based study
• axial length
• astigmatism
• biobank

Disclosure statement

F: Topcon (KN); Menicon (AM, KN); Wakamoto (KN); Rohto Pharmaceutical (KN); MSD Japan (KN); Senju Pharmaceutical (KN); Pfizer Japan (KN); Santen Pharmaceutical (KN); Otsuka Pharmaceutical (KN); Novartis Pharma (KN); Alcon Japan (KN); HOYA (KN); Kowa Pharmaceuticals (KN); AMO Japan (KN)

I: NONE

E: NONE

C: NONE

P: NONE

R:Alcon Pharma (AM, KN); Ellex Inc. (AM); Santen Pharmaceuticals (AM, KN); Nitto Medic (AM); Viatris Japan (AM); Otsuka Pharmaceuticals (AM, KN); Novartis Pharma (AM, KN); Topcon (AM, RK); Senju Pharmaceutical (AM, KN); HOYA (KN); Kowa Pharmaceuticals (AM, KN); Boehringer Ingelheim Japan (KN); SEED (AM); Nikon (KN); Johnson & Johnson Japan (KN); Menicon (AM)

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2023.2203226.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported in part by KAKENHI JP19K09930 (JSPS, Tokyo, Japan), grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) TMM project, and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) JP22tm0124005.