The monoterpenes as a characteristic marker for pine species distinction: a chemotaxonomic study from the Czech Republic

Abstract

For the purposes of chemotaxonomic distinction of four pine species Pinus nigra, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus rigida and Pinus sylvestris growing in the suburban landscape of the central part of the Czech Republic, resin extracts from tree trunks, needles and female cones were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Monoterpenes were shown to be the main terpene fraction of the resins of all studied pine species. On average, they made up 80% of the total terpene content. A characteristic monoterpene for distinguishing pine species was β-pinene, with high levels in P. ponderosa, moderate levels in P. rigida and low levels in P. sylvestris and P. nigra. P. sylvestris contained only trace amount of Δ-3-carene (0.6%) in resins from needles and thus belongs to the α-pinene chemotypic variation. Slight seasonal variability in terpene production was found for resins from needles of P. nigra and P. sylvestris. When comparing European populations according to the monoterpene composition of resins from needles, it can be stated that the α-pinene content increased in the order P. ponderosa < P. rigida < P. nigra < P. sylvestris while the β-pinene content changed in the opposite direction. This statement confirms the terpene biosynthesis uniformity of European pines.

Keywords:

• GC-MS
• Chemotaxonomy
• Pinus nigra
• Pinus ponderosa
• Pinus rigida
• Pinus sylvestris
• Terpenes