Cardiovascular health in kratom users; a narrative review

Abstract

Background

Kratom, also known as Mitragyna speciosa, is a plant that originates in Southeast Asia and possesses unique pharmacological characteristics. It is commonly consumed in the form of tea made by boiling the leaves or using the leaves to create the powder. According to its pain-relieving effects, the prevalence of kratom use around the world has increased, which has various implications for healthcare providers. Mitragynine is a well-known active compound in kratom.

Objective

This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the cardiovascular effects of mitragynine and its potential cardiotoxicity through the literature.

Method

Authors searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using appropriate search strategies for each database. After the screening, all relevant studies were included.

Results

Although kratom may have the potential for therapeutic benefits, it has been associated with multi-organ damage and cardiac toxicity in some cases. According to the available data, tachycardia and hypertension are the most common adverse effects. Other possible cardiovascular effects include atherosclerosis, ventricular arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, dose-dependent prolonged QTc interval, myocarditis, cardiomegaly, and cardiopulmonary arrest.

Conclusion

While prior research has indicated the possible negative effects of mitragynine overdose on the cardiovascular system, there are no definitive conclusions, and additional investigations are needed.

Keywords:

• Cardiovascular
• heart
• kratom
• Mitragyna
• mitragynine
• M.speciosa

Authors’ contribution

FH and AB were responsible for designing and conceptualizing the review. FH, RA, and AB were involved in the literature searches and screening. FH and RA wrote the initial draft. All authors contributed to the revision of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.