The consequences of the Cold War for the ANC

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Notes

¹ Conny Braam, Operatie Vula: Suidafrikanen en Nederlanders in de strijd tegen apartheid (Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1992), pp. 247-8.

² Evelyn Groenink, The Unlikely Mr Rogue: A Life with Ivan Pillay (Auckland Park: Jacana, 2021), p. 31.

³ See, for example, ‘Cold War ties not worth US fight’, Citizen, 12 May 2023; We’re all extras in the ANC’s theatre of the absurd’, Sunday Times, 30 July 2023; ‘Friends like these use ANC as a tool and hurt SA’s best interests’, 3 August 2023; ‘Spotlight on SA/Russia ties’, Citizen, 18 August 2023.

⁴ ‘Native Congress’, Pretoria News, 8 and 15 January 1912.

⁵ South African National Archives, Pietermaritzburg Archives Repository, CNC 59 (CNC214-1912), John L. Dube, Address to ‘Chiefs and Gentlemen of the South African Native Congress’, 2 February 1912.

⁶ ‘Kaffir Farmers’, Sunday Times, 2 March 1913.

⁷ Oxford University, Bodleian Library, MSS.Brit.Emp.s.22 G203, SOUTH AFRICA Natives’ Land Act (Jun 1913-Nov 1917), ‘South African Native National Congress. Resolution against the Natives Land Act 1913 & The Report of the Natives Land Commission, pp. 1-2; Oxford University, Bodleian Library, MSS.Brit.Emp.s.22 G204, ‘South African Land Act’; ‘The Whites, the Natives, and the Land’, Rand Daily Mail, 14 March 1917.

⁸ Stephen Ellis, ‘The Genesis of the ANC’s Armed Struggle in South Africa 1948-1961’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4, December 2011, p. 657, 658; Stephen Ellis, ‘Nelson Mandela, the South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe’, Cold War History, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2016, p. 11. See also Irina Filatova, ‘Mandela and the SACP: Time to Close the Debate’, 24 June 2015 https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/mandela-and-the-sacp-time-to-close-the-debate.

⁹ Ellis, ‘Nelson Mandela, the South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe’, p. 16.

¹⁰ Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (London: Abacus, 1997) p. 137-8, 184-5.

¹¹ The Green Book, Report of the Politico-Military Strategy Commission to the ANC National Executive Committee, August 1979. https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/GREEN%20BOOK%2C%20August%201979.doc.pdf.

¹² John Reynolds and Ben Fine, ‘Introduction: Revisiting Harold Wolpe in Post-apartheid South Africa’, and Robert van Niekerk and Ben Fine, ‘Harold Wolpe: Towards the Politics of Liberation in a Democratic South Africa’, in John Reynolds, Ben Fine, and Robert van Niekerk eds., Race, Class and the Post-Apartheid Democratic State (Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2019), pp. 21-2, 346

¹³ Ben Scully and Edward Webster, ‘The Countryside and Capitalism: Rethinking the Cheap Labour Thesis in Post-apartheid South Africa’, Robert van Niekerk, ‘Transforming Policy and Financial Institutions for the Public Good: The Case of Health’, and Robert van Niekerk and Ben Fine, ‘Harold Wolpe’, in Reynolds, Fine, and Van Niekerk eds., Race, Class and the Post-Apartheid Democratic State, pp. 42-3, 187, 350.

¹⁴ Ben Scully and Edward Webster, ‘The Countryside and Capitalism: Rethinking the Cheap Labour Thesis in Post-apartheid South Africa’, in Reynolds, Fine, and Van Niekerk eds., Race, Class and the Post-Apartheid Democratic State, pp. 42-3.