Overcoming alliance dilemmas in the collective security treaty organization: signaling for reputation amid strategic ambiguity

Abstract

The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) bills itself as an alliance. It is seen as Russia’s hedge to NATO, yet it often acts in an inconsistent manner vis-a-vis its members when they face crisis situations. These situations are complicated by the fact that the alliance engages in a policy of strategic ambiguity without making a firm commitment to either side of a dispute. Since Russia often acts as a security guarantor on a bilateral level for these states, staying in the alliance may become counterproductive. In order to prevent defection of its members and assuage their fears of abandonment, while maintaining this unofficial policy of strategic ambiguity, and thus help the alliance patron, Russia, avoid entanglement, reassurances are needed. These reassurances come in the form of sunk costs, specifically joint annual military exercise, and the 2022 intervention in Kazakhstan. These sunk costs by the CSTO enhance its reputation for reliability, while maintaining its policy of strategic ambiguity. They reassure its members, assuaging their fear of abandonment, and keeping them invested in the alliance. This will be shown through the use of process tracing in a case study that examines an internal alliance dilemma with two of the organization’s members.

Keywords:

• Collective Security Treaty Organization
• Russia
• alliances
• reputation
• strategic ambiguity

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Author interview with William Lawrence, UN EU-Border Management, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 21 April 2017.

2. Author interview with anonymous OSCE official, Bishkek, 12 April, 2017

3. Author interview with anonymous EEAS official, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 21 July 2017.

4. Author interview with anonymous Kyrgyzstan military expert, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 5 April 2017.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

James MacHaffie

James MacHaffie is the author of The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Conflict De-escalation: Trust Building and Interstate Rivalries with Routledge. He holds a doctorate in international relations from the University of Leicester.