‘Ulama and caliphs new understanding of the “God's caliph” term

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Notes

¹Ignaz Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien (M Niemeyer, Halle 1889–90), 2:52–66; DS Margoliouth, ‘The Sense of the Title Khalifa’ in ET Arnold and RA Nicholson (eds) A Volume of Oriental Studies Presented to E.G. Brown (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1922) 322; E Tyan, Institution du droit public musulman, Vol. 1: Le califat (Paris, Siney 1956); W Montgomery Watt, Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 1968); idem, ‘God's Caliph: Qur'anic Interpretation and Umayyad Claims’ in CE Bosworth (ed) Iran and Islam, in Memory of the Late Vladimir Minorsky (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press 1971) 565; HAR Gibb, ‘The Heritage of Islam in the Modern World, (I)’, (1970) 1 IJMES 3.

²Patricia Crone and Martin Hinds, God's Caliph (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986) 1.

³Ibid., 2.

⁴Ibid.

⁵Ibid.

⁶Ibid.

⁷Ibid., 2–3.

⁸Ibid.

⁹Ibid.

¹⁰Al-Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-rusul wa-al-mulūk (Beirut 1998) 8:259–62.

¹¹Uri Rubin, ‘Prophets and Caliphs: The Biblical Foundations of the Umayyad Authority’, in Herbert Berg (ed) Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins (Brill, Leiden 2003) 88.

¹²Ibid., 73–87.

¹³Ibid., 74.

¹⁴Ibid., 80.

¹⁵Ibid., 84.

¹⁶Ibid., 88.

¹⁷Ibid., 88–93.

¹⁸Ibid., 89.

¹⁹Ibid.

²⁰Ibid.

²¹Ibid., 91.

²²Ibid.

²³Ibid., 92–3.

²⁴Ibid., 93.

²⁵Ibid.

²⁷Ibid., 96.

²⁶Ibid., 93–8.

²⁸Wadād al-Qāḍī, ‘The Term “Khalifa” in Early Exegetical Literature’ (1988) 28 Die Welt des Islams 403.

²⁹Ibid., 405–08.

³⁰Ibid.

³¹Ibid.

³²“qāla rasūl allāh: khiyār a'immatikum alladhīna tuḥibbūnahum wa-yuḥibbūnakum wa-yuṣallūna ‘alaykum wa-tuṣallūna ‘alayhim, wa-shirār a'immatikum alladhīna tubghiḍūnahum wa-yubghiḍunakum wa-tal'anūnahum wa-yal'anūnakum; qīla: yā rasūl allāh a-fa-lā nunābidhuhum bi-al-sayf? fa-qāla: lā mā aqāmū fīkum al-ṣalāh wa-idhā ra'aytum min wulātikum shay'an takrahūnahu fa-krahū ‘amalahu wa-lā tanzi’ū yadan min ṭā'a”; Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 2:183.

³³Sufyān b. Sa'īd b. Masrūq al-Thawrī al-Kūfī (d. 161/716), a famous Kufan scholar known for his excellence in the science of hadith transmitters (‘ilm al-rijāl), and a founder of one of the early schools of Islamic law; Ibn Ḥajar al-’Asqalānī, Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb (Hyderabad, Maṭba'at Majlis Dā'irat al-Ma'ārif al-Niẓāmiyya, 1907 and Mu'assasat al-Risāla, Beirut 1996) vol. 3; idem, Lisān al-mīzān (Maṭba'at Majlis Dā'irat al-Ma'ārif al-Niẓāmiyya, Hyderabad 1911–13; HP Raddatz, ‘Sufyān al-thawrī’ EI 9:770.

³⁴“al-ṣabr taḥta liwā' al-sulṭān jār aw'adal”; Abī al-Qāsim Hibat Allāh Al-Lālakā'ī, Sharḥ uṣūl i'tiqād ahl al-sunna (ed Aḥmad b. Sa'd al-Ghāmidī, Dār al-Ṭība, Riyadh 1994) 1:173.

³⁵Ibid., 1:188–9.

³⁶Ibid., 1:194.

³⁷“wa al-sam' wa al-ṭā'a lil-umma wa-amīr al-mu'minīn al-barr wa-al-fājir wa-man waliya al-khilāfa wa- ijtama'a al-nās ‘alayhi wa-raḍū bi-hi wa-man ‘alayhim bi-al-sayf ḥattā ṣāra khalīfa wa-summiya amīr al-mu'minīn”; ibid.

³⁸“wa al-ghazw māḍin ma'a al-imām māḍin ilā yawm al-qiyāma al-barr wa-al-fājir lā yutraku; wa-qismat al-fay' wa-iqāmat al-ḥudūd ilā al-a'imma māḍin laysa li-aḥad an yaṭ'ana ‘alayhim wa-lā yunāzi'uhum”; ibid.

³⁹“wa man kharaja ‘alā imām min a'immat al-muslimīn wa-qad kānū ijtama’ū ‘alayhi wa-aqarrū bi-al-khilāfa bi-ay wajh kāna bi-al-riḍā aw al-ghalaba fa-qad thawaba hādhā al-khārij ‘aṣā al-muslimīn wa- khālafa al-āthār ‘an rasūl allāh fa-in māta al-khārij ‘alayhi māta mītat al-jāhiliyya”; ibid.

⁴⁰Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ‘Alī Al-Barbaharī, Sharḥ al-sunnah (ed Khālid b. Qāsim al-Radādī, Dār al-Salaf, Riyadh 2000) 7.

⁴¹Ibid.

⁴²Ibid.

⁴³Ibid.

⁴⁴“lā tunāzi' al-amr ahlahu wa-al-ṭā'ah li-wulāt al-amr wa-luzūm al-jamā'atahum wa-lā narā al-sayf fī ummat muḥammad”; Al-Lālakā'ī (n 34) 2:112.