https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4148-1886
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ABSTRACT
The reliability of the microgrid supply is often relying on the energy storage mediums used. Hydrogen is considered as a long-term energy storage solution whereas battery provides the energy for short-term. Fuel cell converts the stored hydrogen energy into electricity. As these storage mediums have low inertia in the system, there can be excessive current stress on the devices, leading to degradation. Virtual inertia can improve the behavior of the devices during load variation. These storage devices can be modeled as virtual machines, and these virtual inertia-based devices can provide a delayed response to the load variation. Therefore, the life of the storage mediums can be improved. In this paper, a DC microgrid system has been studied, having the photovoltaic power generator, battery, supercapacitor, and fuel cell as the other power sources. The photovoltaic generator works in MPPT mode and generates electricity to meet the load demand. The virtual inertia-based control embedded with each kind of storage medium enables the limitation of the sudden variation of power. The fuel cell provides the rated power with a certain delay w.r.t. battery and supercapacitor so that it has less dynamic power stress. The sudden variation in the load demand is met by the supercapacitor, and the battery provides the remaining power owing the high inertia as compared to the supercapacitor. The power allocation among each kind of storage medium takes into account the hydrogen storage state of charge also. The simulation results have been obtained by using the OPAL-RT to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy in real-time. The rate of power change for the fuel cell is achieved as ≈ 160 W/s. Whereas the rate of power change of the battery and supercapacitor are found to be ≈ 321 W/s, and ≈ 626 W/s, respectively. The DC bus voltage is well regulated to the nominal value in the transient load condition.
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Notes on contributors
Mohd Alam
Mohd Alam received the M.Tech Degree from IIEST Shibpur, India and Ph.D. Degree from IIT Delhi, India in 2016, and 2021, respectively. Since 2022, he has been an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, India.
Kuldeep Kumar
Kuldeep Kumar received the M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees in energy systems from the Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, in 2014 and 2019, respectively. He is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia. He also worked as a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea, where he was responsible for designing a hierarchical control framework for microgrids using advanced control strategies. His research interests include renewable energy grid integration, PtG systems, hybrid energy storage, fuel cell systems, electric vehicles, modeling and control of converters and inverters, energy/power management, model predictive control, automation and control of microgrid, smart grid, and advanced optimization techniques for energy systems
Sungwoo Bae
Sungwoo Bae received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea, and the M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA, in 2006, 2009, and 2011, respectively. From 2012 to 2013, he was a Senior Research Engineer with the Power Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology. From 2013 to 2017, he was with Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea. Since 2017, he has been an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea. In 2005, he was awarded the Grand Prize at the National Electrical Engineering Design Contest by the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea.