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ABSTRACT
Temperature is the primary factor affecting the growth and survival of aquatic species. At low temperatures, the metabolic rate decreases significantly. As a result, energy levels and growth rates in fish slow down which reduces the overall aquaculture production. Therefore, a novel thermal model of GiSPVT in terms of design and climatic parameters has been developed. An analytical expression for fishpond temperature and electrical energy has been derived and validated using the special case of the proposed GiSPVT for a particular day. The solar radiation passing through the non-packing area of the semi-transparent PV modules was used to heat the water to maintain the desired temperature. However, for experimental validation, the growth performance of Labeo rohita (26.15 ± 2.4 g) was cultured (90 days) with different conditions: T1bgl, T2agl (inside the greenhouse), T3bgl, T4agl (outside the greenhouse). Specific growth rate (SGR), average weight and weight gain of fishes were significantly higher (p < .05) in the T1bgl group as compared to other groups. Moreover, the SGR was observed 32.6%, 20.2%, and 14.0%, higher in the T4agl as compared to T2agl, T3bgl, and T4agl respectively. Significantly increased growth performance of T1bgl group during winter may be due to the combined effect of geothermal and solar energy integrated systems.
Nomenclature
| Ar | = | Roof area of semi-transparent PV module (m2) |
| Aw | = | Surface area of fish water pond of GiSPVT greenhouse (m2) |
| Ai | = | Area of different walls (i=1 to 4) and north glass roof (i=5) of semi-transparent PV module greenhouse (m2) |
| Cw | = | Specific heat of free water of fishpond (Jkg−1oC) |
| hk | = | Conductive heat transfer coefficient (HTC) from inside cover to outside PV roof of greenhouse (Wm−2oC) |
| ho | = | HTC from greenhouse cover to the ambient environment (Wm−2oC) |
| hcw | = | Convective HTC from the free water surface of fishpond to greenhouse room air (Wm−2oC) |
| hrw | = | Radiative HTC from the free water surface of fishpond to greenhouse room air (Wm−2oC) |
| hew | = | Evaporative HTC from the free water surface of fishpond to greenhouse room air (Wm−2oC) |
| h1 | = | A sum of convective, radiative, and evaporative HTC from the free water surface of fishpond (tank 1) to room air (Wm−2oC) |
| I(t) | = | Solar radiation falling on the inclined roof surface of GiSPVT greenhouse (W/m2) |
| Ii | = | Solar radiation falling on vertical east/south/west (i=1to 3) walls of GiSPVT greenhouse (Wm−2) |
| Kg | = | Thermal conductivity of glass of PV module (Wm−1oC) |
| Lg | = | Thickness of semi-transparent PV module (m) |
| Mw | = | Fish pond water mass (kg) |
| N | = | Number of air changes per hour in greenhouse |
| r2 | = | Correlation coefficient (decimal) |
| Ta | = | Ambient air temperature (oC) |
| Tc | = | Solar cell temperature of GiSPVT greenhouse (oC) |
| Tr | = | Greenhouse room air temperature of fishpond (oC) |
| Tw | = | Free water temperature of fishpond (oC) |
| Pw | = | Saturated vapor pressure at water temperature (Pa) |
| Pr | = | Saturated vapor pressure at greenhouse air temperature (Pa) |
| T0 | = | Ground constant temperature (oC) |
| Ut,ca | = | Overall HTC from an inner surface of the PV module to the ambient air through semi-transparent PV cover (W oC−1m−2) |
| Ub,cr | = | Overall HTC from solar cell of PV module to the room air through semi-transparent PV cover(W oC−1m−2) |
| Ui | = | Overall HTC from inside GiSPVT greenhouse glass wall surface to ambient air (W oC−1m−2) |
| V | = | Velocity of air (ms−1) |
| Greek Letters | = | |
| αc | = | Absorptivity of a solar cell of PV module (decimal) |
| β | = | Packing factor of semi-transparent PV module, dimensionless |
| ɤ | = | Relative humidity inside the greenhouse (decimal) |
| εeff | = | An effective emissivity of free water surface of fishpond, dimensionless |
| τg | = | Transmissivity of greenhouse cover, dimensionless |
| σ | = | Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67×10−8 Wm−2 K−4) |
| η0 | = | Electrical efficiency of solar cell |
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi - 229304, India and BERS – The Bag Energy Research Society for providing the necessary facilities during the entire research work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Supplementary material
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2024.2308651.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Praveen Kumar Srivastava
Dr Praveen Kumar Srivastava is currently employed as Assistant Professor in the Department of Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi. His research interest includes bioenergy, aquaculture engineering, waste management, and climate action.
Rohit Kumar Singh
Mr. Rohit Kumar Singh is a Ph.D. scholar in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Biochemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi. His research area is Photovoltaic Thermal, Flat plate collectors integrated with anaerobic digestor and other applications.
Arvind Tiwari
Dr. Arvind Tiwari completed his Ph.D. in Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal System from IIT Delhi, India. After that he did post-doctoral fellow from University of Twente, Netherland and worked as Professor in Al-Qassim university, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. His research interest is in the field of Hybrid PV system with applications in various fields such as solar distillation, greenhouse technology, building integrated PVT systems (BIPVT) etc.
Gopal Nath Tiwari
Gopal Nath Tiwari had received postgraduate and doctoral degrees in 1972 and 1976, respectively, from Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.). He was a co-recipient of ‘Hariom Ashram Prerit S.S. Bhatnagar’ Award in 1982 and conferred Vigyan Ratna in 2008. Over several years since 1977, he was actively involved in the teaching and research programme at Centre for Energy Studies, IIT Delhi. His research interest lies in the field of solar energy applications into different fields, greenhouse technology, earth to air heat exchanger, passive building design and hybrid photovoltaic thermal (HPVT) systems and energy security, etc.