Biomass valorization of Mangifera Indica into hierarchical carbon materials with self-doping oxygen assisted carbonization for supercapacitor applications

ABSTRACT

The exploration of biocompatible energy storage media for future generations has been continuously carried out. This includes the investigations of electrode materials that are renewable, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and rich in heteroatoms. The electrode materials undergo carbonization as a promising thermochemical process to create an active material with a porous structure of well-defined and controlled geometry. The main objective of this study is to thoroughly examine the conversion process of electrode materials derived from Mangifera Indica Seed Shells (MIS) using carbonization and activation methods for supercapacitor applications. Pyrolysis at various temperatures was carried out to determine the definitive influence of carbonization temperature on the capacitive performance of MIS active materials. The optimum carbonization temperature of 600°C significantly enhances mesoporosity, which is positively correlated to the specific surface area, hierarchical structure, and the presence of self-doping oxygen, leading to a substantial increase in capacitive behavior. In the experiment, the MIS samples were used as electrodes for supercapacitor cells, and they were found to exhibit a specific capacitance of 255 Fg⁻¹. The goal of this study is to offer a sustainable solution by using biomass as an active material for high-performance supercapacitor cells that can be utilized in energy storage applications.

KEYWORDS:

• Carbonization
• self-doping
• hierarchical
• electrode
• supercapacitor

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Authors contributions

R.F. Conceptualization, Methodology and Writing-Original draft preparation, C. R. Visualization, Investigation, and Validation, I. A. Data curation, Writing-Original draft preparation, and Software.

Availability of data and materials

Data and materials are available on reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

Authors thank DRPM Kemenristek/BRIN, Indonesia for funding the first-year PDUPT project under contract number: 15488/UN.19.5.1.3/AL.04/2023.

Notes on contributors

Rakhmawati Farma

Rakhmawati Farma is a professor and lecturer, as well as the secretary in the Department of Physics under the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Riau, Indonesia. She is also the coordinator of the Material Physics Laboratory at the same university. Along with her teaching responsibilities, she is actively involved in research. Her research focuses on electrochemical energy storage technology, particularly supercapacitors.

Cici Refieyana

Cici Refieyana is an undergraduate student from the University of Riau, Indonesia.

Irma Apriyani

Irma Apriyani, a research assistant at the Material Physics Laboratory, is pursuing her master’s degree at the University of Riau, Indonesia.