A pre-longitudinal screen of performance in an integrated assessment of throwing and catching competence

ABSTRACT

Background: The ability to adapt motor skill performance to a variety of conditions is vital to success in physical activity settings. Valid and reliable measurements of motor competence (MC) are critical for understanding its impact on physical health. Many widely used MC assessments evaluate the performance of isolated motor skills, place performers in highly standardized environments, and limit opportunities to adapt performance. Consequently, evaluations of motor skill performance using these tools may not adequately differentiate motor skill levels. Assessing MC in more dynamic performance contexts may enhance the utility of MC measures.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental validity of scores on a combined throwing and catching assessment.

Data Collection and Analysis: Data were collected on a convenience sample (n = 873, n_female= 320, age = 14.7 years ± 4.2). Participants threw a regulation tennis ball against a wall from a distance three times their standing height and caught it as many times as possible in 30 s. Performers were free to use any throwing pattern (e.g. over/underarm) or task strategy (e.g. speed, trajectory of ball, ball bouncing, one- or two-handed catch). The highest number of catches between two 30-second trials was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the total sample and for males and females separately. Pearson correlations were used to evaluate the relationship between throw-catch assessment (TCA) scores and age. We evaluated the relationship between TCA score, sex, and age via hierarchical regression with TCA score as the dependent variable using three models: (1) Participant sex as the sole predictor, (2) sex and age as predictors, and (3) sex, age, and the quadratic term for age (age²). Additionally, we evaluated the reliability of scores on TCA assessment trials via intraclass correlations (ICCs) using a two-way, fixed effects model.

Results: The mean TCA score was 11.34 (± 5.44; M_females=9.18 ± 4.80, M_males =12.59 ± 5.40). Strong relationships were observed between TCA score and age (r = .743, r_females= .698, r_males= .746; all significant at p < .001). Significant increases in model fit were observed at each stage of the hierarchical regression (Model 1: R²= .091, p < .01; Model 2: ΔR²= .484, p < .01; Model 3: ΔR²= .009, p < .01), with the final model indicating significant effects for sex (β_male=1.95, p < .01), age (β= 2.01, p < .01) and age² (β= –.04, p < .01) on TCA score (R²= .584, F_3,869= 406.7, p < .001). Finally, there was good reliability between scores on the two TCA trials (ICC = .875, F_872,873= 14.97, p < .001).

Discussion: These data provide preliminary evidence for the developmental validity of the TCA across childhood to young adulthood. The ability to differentiate skill levels across a wide age-range can enhance the ability to track MC across the lifespan and better understand the relationship between covariates of MC across the lifespan. These data provide support for a MC assessment that can be used by researchers and practitioners to evaluate throwing and catching skill in a swift and ecologically valid way.

KEYWORDS:

• Motor competence
• assessment
• object control
• fundamental motor skills
• lifespan

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all research participants and research staff for their efforts in data collection.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The research was partially financed through the Southeastern Corridor Defense Initiative (Office of the Vice President of Research, University of South Carolina) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) [grant number #435-2017-0268].