191
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Values Do Matter: Lessons for Non-Governmental Organizations During the Crises of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe

ORCID Icon
Pages 25-45 | Published online: 02 Jun 2023
 

ABSTRACT

Anti-democratic governments are wary of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) owing to the latter’s important role in ensuring that the government acts according to public interest. Unfortunately, some governments are trying to hinder the functions of NGOs, creating an unfavorable image for them and causing a lack of trust. Despite their poor financial condition and strong dependence on state aid, Polish NGOs play their democratic role by supporting society in various areas. This study finds that the NGO values of openness, tolerance and selflessness prevent NGOs from having an unfavorable and untrustworthy image in the eyes of the public and the media.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. Alan Fowler and Biekart Kees, “Do Private Agencies Rally Make a Difference,” in Compassion and Calculation: The Business of Private Foreign Aid, ed. David Sogge (London: Pluto Press, 1996), 129.

2. Kapiriri Lydla and Razavi S. Donya, “Equity, Justice, and Social Values in Priority Setting: A Qualitative Study of Resource Allocation Criteria for Global Donor Organizations Working in Low-Income Countries,” International Journal for Equity in Health 21, no. 1 (2022): 17. doi: 10.1186/s12939-021 -01,565-5.

3. Wenjue Lu Knutsen, “Value as a Self-Sustaining Mechanism: Why Some Nonprofit Organizations are Different from and Similar to Private and Public Organizations,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 42, no. 5 (2013): 985. doi: 10.1177/0899764012457244.

4. Kurt T. Dirks and Bart de Jong, “Trust within the Workplace: A Review of Two Waves of Research and a Glimpse of the Third,” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 9, (2022): 247-76. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych -012,420–083025.

5. Gerard Clarke, “Non-governmental organization (NGOs) and politics in the developing world,” Political studies 46, no. 1 (1998): 36-52.

6. Alan Fowler, “Non‐Governmental Organizations as Agents of Democratization: An African Perspective,” Journal of International Development 5, no. 3 (1993): 325-39. doi: 10.1002/jid.3380050308.

7. Martin Conway and Volker Depkat, “Towards a European history of the discourse of democracy: discussing democracy in western Europe 1945-60,” in Europeanization in the Twentieth Century (Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2010), 132-156. doi: 10.1057/9780230293120_7.

8. Valery Engel, Jean-Yves Camus, Matthew Feldman, William Allchorn, Anna Castriota, Ildikó Barna, Bulcsú Hunyadi, Patrik Szicherle, Farah Rasmi, Vanja Ljujic, etc., “Xenophobia, Radicalism, and Hate Crime in Europe” (Annual Report, Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis, European Centre for Democracy Development, 2018), https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25589.83682 (accessed August 20, 2022); Raul Gomez, Laura Morales, and Luis Ramiro, “Varieties of Radicalism: Examining the Diversity of Radical Left Parties and Voters in Western Europe,” West European Politics 39, no. 2 (2016): 351-79. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2015.1064245; Matthijs Rooduijn and Tjitske Akkerman, “Flank Attacks: Populism and Left-Right Radicalism in Western Europe,” Party Politics 23, no. 3 (2017): 193-204. doi: 10.1177/1354068815596514.

9. Ágh Attila, The Third Wave of Autocratization in East-Central Europe. „Journal of Comparative Politics,” 15, no. 2 (2022): 72-87.

10. Engel, Camus, Feldman, Allchorn, Castriota, Barna, Hunyadi, Szicherle, Rasmi, Ljujic, etc., “Xenophobia, Radicalism, and Hate Crime in Europe,” 1.

11. Larry Diamond, “Facing up to the Democratic Recession,” Journal of Democracy 26, no. 1 (2015): 141-55. doi:10.1353/jod.2015.0009.

12. Larry Diamond, “The Democratic Rollback – The Resurgence of the Predatory State,” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 2 (2008): 36-48.

13. Tsveta Petrova and Paulina Pospieszna, “Democracy Promotion in Times of Autocratization: The Case of Poland, 1989-2019,” Post-Soviet Affairs 37, no. 6 (2021): 526-43. doi: 10.1080/1060586×.2021.1975443; Giada Negri, “How European Civil Society is Pushing Back against Democratic Erosion,” https://policycommons.net/artifacts/431349/how-european-civil-society-is-pushing-back-against-democratic-erosion/1402408/ (accesssed April 14, 2022).

14. Licia Cianetti, James Dawson, and Seán Hanley, “Rethinking ‘Democratic Backsliding’ in Central and Eastern Europe – Looking beyond Hungary and Poland,” East European Politics 34, no. 3 (2018): 243-56. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401; Eleanor Knott, “Perpetually ‘Partly Free:’ Lessons from Post-Soviet Hybrid Regimes on Backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe,” East European Politics 34, no. 3 (2018): 355-76. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2018.1493993.

15. Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk, “The Signs of Deconsolidation,” Journal of Democracy 28, no. 1 (2017): 5-15. doi: 10.1353/jod.2017.0000.

16. Anna Lührmann and Staffan I. Lindberg, “A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here: What is New about It?,” Democratization 26, no. 7 (2019): 1095-113. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029.

17. Attila Ágh, “De-Europeanization and De-Democratization Trends in ECE: From the Potemkin Democracy to the Elected Autocracy in Hungary,” Journal of Comparative Politics 8, no. 2 (2015): 4-26.

18. Petrova and Pospieszcza, “Democracy Promotion in Times of Autocratization;” Zofia Kinowska-Mazaraki, “The Polish Paradox: From a Fight for Democracy to the Political Radicalization and Social Exclusion,” Social Sciences 10, no. 3 (2021): 112. doi: 10.3390/socsci10030112.

19. Taylor Pearce, Natalia Mrówczyńska, Richard Demény, Milla Gajdos, Quido Haškovec, Erini Kallinikou, and Grace Provenzano, “Strengthening Democracy from the Bottom Up” (2021), https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28954.57286 (accessed August 21, 2022).

20. Kinowska-Mazaraki, “Polish Paradox”

21. Kinowska-Mazaraki, “Polish Paradox;” Michael Westberg, “Between the Market and State: Middle Class Clientelism in Central and Eastern Europe” (PhD diss., Georgia State University, 2022). https://doi.org/10.57709/28656877.

22. Łukasz Chyla, “Latest Remarks on the Democracy and Rule of Law in CEE Countries,” Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 24, (2018): 78. doi: 10.19195/1733-5779.24.6.

23. Marjorie Castle and Ray Taras, Democracy in Poland, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2018); Atina Krajewska, “Connecting Reproductive Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law: Lessons from Poland in Times of COVID-19,” German Law Journal 22, no. 6 (2021): 1072-97; Tsveta Petrova, “How Poland Promotes Democracy,” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 2 (2012): 133-47. doi: 10.1353/jod.2012.0026; Westberg, “Between the Market and State.”

24. Petrova and Pospieszna, “Democracy Promotion in Times of Autocratization”

25. Petrova, “How Poland Promotes;” Kassahun Berhanu, “The Role of NGOs in Promoting Democratic Values: The Ethiopian Experience,” in Ethiopia: The Challenge of Democracy from Below, eds. Bahiru Zewde and Siegfried Pausewang (Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitute; Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies, 2002): 120-29.

26. Paweł Mikołajczak, “Determinants of Precarious Employment in Social Enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe,” Journal of Business Research 146, (2022): 398-408.

27. Paweł Mikołajczak, “How do Barriers to the Activities of Social Enterprises Affect Their Financial Situation? Evidence Based on Data from Poland and Resource Mobilization Theory,” Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 14, no. 1 (2021): 93-110.

28. Kinowska-Mazaraki, “Polish Paradox;” Mikołajczak, “Determinants of Precarious Employment.”

29. Ruth Ann Strickland and Shannon K. Vaughan, “The Hierarchy of Ethical Values in Nonprofit Organizations: A Framework for an Ethical, Self-Actualized Organizational Culture,” Public Integrity 10, no. 3 (2008): 233-51. doi: 10.2753/PIN1099-9922100303; Krista Jaakson, “Management by Values: Are Some Values Better than Others?” Journal of Management Development 29, no. 9 (2010): 795-806. doi: 10.1108/02621711011072504.

30. Marta Kotwas and Jan Kubik, “Symbolic Thickening of Public Culture and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism in Poland,” East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 33, no. 2 (2019): 435-71. doi:10.1177/0888325419826691; Petra Guasti and Lenka Bustikova, “In Europe’s Closet: The Rights of Sexual Minorities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia,” East European Politics 36, no. 2 (2020): 226-46. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2019.1705282; Vsevolod Bederson and Andrei Semenov, “Political Foundations of State Support for Civil Society: Analysis of the Distribution of Presidential Grants in Russia,” Post-Soviet Affairs 37, no. 6 (2021): 544-58. doi: 10.1080/1060586×.2021.1976575.

31. Agnieszaka Elżbieta Demczuk, “The Discriminatory Legalism Strategy and Hate Speech Cases in Poland. The Role of the Commissioner for Human Rights in Fighting Discrimination,” Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K-Politologia 27, no. 2 (2021): 127-48.

32. cf. “FRA Presents New Civil Society Space Report,” European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, https://fra.europa.eu/en/event/2017/fra-presents-new-civil-society-space-report (accessed August 20, 2022).

33. Demczuk, “The Discriminatory Legalism Strategy;” Nataliya Novakova, “Civil Society in Central Europe: Threats and Ways Forward” (Policy Paper No. 21, The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Washington, DC, 2020); Kinowska-Mazaraki, “Polish Paradox”

34. Novakova, “Civil Society in Central Europe;” Mikołajczak, “Determinants of Precarious Employment”

35. Kinowska-Mazaraki, “Polish Paradox,” 112.

36. Bederson and Semenow, “Political Foundations of State Support for Civil Society”

37. Gabriela Vaceková, Vladislav Valentinov, and Juraj Nemec, “Rethinking Nonprofit Commercialization: The Case of the Czech Republic,” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 28, no. 5 (2017): 2103-123. doi: 10.1007/s11266-016-9772-6.

38. Michal Placek, Gabriela Vacekova, Maria Murray Svidronova, Juraj Nemec, and Gabriela Korimova, “The Evolutionary Trajectory of Social Enterprises in the Czech Republic and Slovakia,” Public Management Review 23, no. 5 (2021): 775-94. doi: 10.1080/14719037.2020.1865440.

39. Lester Salamon, “Międzynarodowe Dni Aktywności” (lecture presented at Warszwa 2012, Convention International Activity Days, Warsaw, September 24, 2012).

40. Paulina Pospieszna and Dorota Pietrzyk-Reeves, “Responses of Polish NGOs Engaged in Democracy Promotion to Shrinking Civic Space,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs (advance online publication), doi: 10.1080/09557571.2022.2027869.

41. Pospieszna and Pieprzyk-Reeves, “Responses of Polish NGOs.”

42. European Commission, “2020 Rule of Law Report: The Rule of Law Situation in the European Union,” (COM [2020] 580 Final, European Commission, 2020); see also Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, “The Functioning of Democratic Institutions in Poland” (Resolution 2316, 2020): 16.

43. Katerina Tsetsura, “Challenges in Framing Women’s Rights as Human Rights at the Domestic Level: A Case Study of NGOs in the Post-Soviet Countries,” Public Relations Review 39, no. 4 (2013): 406-16. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.018; Vitally Tereshchuk, “Political and Institutional Characteristics of the Entry of the CEE Region into Regional Media Systems During the Bipolar and Post-Bipolar Periods,” Politeja-Pismo Wydziału Studiów Międzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 15, no. 57 (2018): 215-29. doi: 10.12797/Politeja.15.2018.57.12; Sílvia Ferreira, “Sociological Observations of the Third Sector Through Systems Theory: An Analytical Proposal,” Voluntas 25 (2014): 1671-93. doi: 10.1007/s11266-014-9469-7.

44. Novakova, “Civil Society in Central Europe”

45. Halina Waniak-Michalak, Ivana Perica, and Sviesa Leitoniene, “From NGOs’ Accountability to Social Trust: The Evidence from CEE Countries,” Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 109, no. 165 (2020): 173-92.

46. Larry Diamond, “Rethinking Civil Society: Toward Democratic Consolidation,” Journal of Democracy 5, no. 3 (1994): 4-18. doi: 10.1353/jod.1994.0041.

47. Robin Luckham and Gordon White, eds., Democratization in the South: The Jagged Wave (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996).

48. Steven J. Lux and Jeffrey D. Straussman, “Searching for Balance: Vietnamese NGOs Operating in a State‐Led Civil Society,” Public Administration and Development: The International Journal of Management Research and Practice 24, no. 2 (2004): 173-81. doi: 10.1002/pad.283; Nelly P. Stromquist, “NGOs in a New Paradigm of Civil Society,” Current Issues in Comparative Education 1, no. 1 (1998): 1-5.

49. Claire Mercer, “NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Literature,” Progress in Development Studies 2, no. 1 (2002): 5-22. doi: 10.1191/1464993402ps027ra.

50. Diamond, “Rethinking Civil Society,” 5.

51. Mercer, “NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization”

52. Sarah E. Mendelson and John K. Glenn, eds., The Power and Limits of NGOs: A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Eurasia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).

53. Paul Chaney, “Exploring the Pathologies of One-Party-Dominance on Third Sector Public Policy Engagement in Liberal Democracies: Evidence from Meso-Government in the UK,” Voluntas 26, no. 4 (2015): 1460-84. doi: 10.1007/s11266-014-9493-7.

54. Axel Hadenius and Fredrik Uggla, “Making Civil Society Work, Promoting Democratic Development: What Can States and Donors Do?” World Development 24, no. 10 (1996): 1621-39. doi: org/10.1016/0305-750×(96)00062-9.

55. Chang Bum Ju, and Yan Tang Shui, “Path Dependence, Critical Junctures, and Political Contestation: The Developmental Trajectories of Environmental NGOs in South Korea,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 40, no. 6 (2011): 1048-72.

56. Jacek Żakowski, “Ogniska choroby: Politolog Jan Zielonka o globalnym kryzysie demokracji,” Polityka 1, no. 2 (2016): 24.

57. Bartosz Jóźwik and Tomasz Stępniewski, “Transformacja, integracja i kryzys w Europie Środkowej Wschodniej,” Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 14, no. 5 (2016): 11-21.

58. Peter van Tuijl, “NGOs and Human Rights: Sources of Justice and Democracy,” Journal of International Affairs 52, no. 2 (1999): 493-512.

59. Shelley Feldman, “NGOs and Civil Society: (Un)stated Contradictions,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 554, no. 1 (1997): 46-65. doi: 10.1177/0002716297554001004.

60. Atanas Gotchev, NGOs and Promotion of Democracy and Civil Society in East-Central Europe (Albatros Publishers, 1998).

61. Michael Meyer, Clara Moder, Michaela Neumayr, and Peter Vandor, “Civil Society and Its Institutional Context in CEE,” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 31, no. 4 (2020): 811-27. doi: 10.1007/s11266-019 -00,106-7.

62. Boris Strečanský, “Country Report: Slovakia,” in Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe: Challenges and Opportunities, ed. Peter Vandor, Nicole Traxler, Reinhard Millner, and Michael Meyer (Vienna: ERSTE Foundation, 2017), 92-110.

63. Meelis Kitsing „Behind corruption: from NGOs to the civil socjety,” EU Monitoring and

Advocacy Program, Open Society Institute a program of the Open society Institute and Soros Foundations Network (2003), http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2003/july/behindcorruption (accessed August 20, 2008).

64. Andrey Kalikh, “The Role of Civil Society in Fighting Corruption in Russia and Poland,” Institute of Public Affairs 14, no. 5 (2010): 8. doi: 10.4236/health.2013.58174.

65. Kalikh, “The Role of Civil Society,” 11-21.

66. Grzegorz Ekiert and Jan Kubik, “The Legacies of 1989: Myths and Realities of Civil Society,” Journal of Democracy 25, no. 1 (2014): 46-58. doi: 10.1353/jod.2015.0009.

67. Knott, “Perpetually ‘Partly Free’”

68. Meyer, Moder, Neumayr, and Vandor, “Civil Society and Its Institutional Context”

69. Petra Guasti, “Development of Citizen Participation in Central and Eastern Europe after the EU Enlargement and Economic Crises,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 49, no. 3 (2016): 219-31. doi: 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.06.006.

70. Geoffrey Pridham, “Assessing democratic consolidation in Central & Eastern Europe: The European dimension,” Acta Politica 41, no. 4 (2006): 342-69. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500165.

71. Michal Plaček, Gabriela Vaceková, Vladislav Valentinov, and František Ochrana, “Historical Institutionalism: A Tool for Researching the Nonprofit Sector in Times of Pandemic,” Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (advance online publication), doi: 10.1080/13511610.2022.2052027.

72. Mikołajczak, “Determinants of Precarious Employment”

73. Borg-Barthet Justin and Lyons Carole, „The European Union Migration Crisis,” Edinburgh Law Review 20, no. 2 (2016): 230-235.

74. Erin Jenne, “Is Nationalism or Ethnopopulism on the Rise Today?,” Ethnopolitics 17, no. 5 (2018): 546-52. doi: 10.1080/17449057.2018.1532635; Zsolt Enyedi, “Right-Wing Authoritarian Innovations in Central and Eastern Europe,” East European Politics 36, no. 3 (2020): 363-77. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2020.1787162; Enyedi 2020; Kazharski 2018

75. Sophie Schmalenberger, “What Difference Does the European Union Make? The EU as Resource and Partner for Liberal Democratic NGOs in Hungary,” Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 28, no. 1 (2020): 61-76. doi: 10.1080/25739638.2020.1812939.

76. Novakova, “Civil Society in Central Europe”

77. Weronika Grzebalska and Andrea Pető, “The Gendered Modus Operandi of the Illiberal Transformation in Hungary and Poland,” Women’s Studies International Forum 68, (2017): 164-72. doi: 10.1016/j.wsif.2017.12.001; Enyedi, “Right-Wing Authoritarian Innovations.”

78. Enyedi, “Right-Wing Authoritarian Innovations;” Aleksandra Gliszczyńska and Anna Śledzińska-Simon, “Victimhood of the Nation as a Legally Protected Value in Transitional States – Poland as a Case Study,” Wrocław Review of Law, Administration & Economics 6, no. 2 (2018): 45-61. doi: 10.1515/wrlae-2018-0004.

79. Tanja A. Börzel, “Why You Don’t Always Get What You Want: EU Enlargement and Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe,” Acta Politica 45, no. 1-2 (2010): 1-10. doi: 10.1057/ap.2010.1.

80. Pavlo Fric and Martin Bútora, “The Role of the Nonprofit Sector in Public Policy,” in Public Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Theories, Methods, Practices, ed. Martin Potucek, Lance T. Leloup, Gyorgy Jenei, and Laszlo Váradi (Bratislava: NISPAcee, 2003), 145-72.

81. Enyedi, “Right-Wing Authoritarian Innovations”

82. Mikołajczak, “Determinants of Precarious Employment.”

83. Bederson and Semenow, “Political Foundations of State Support for Civil Society.”

84. Aliaksei Kazharski, “The End of ‘Central Europe’? The Rise of the Radical Right and the Contestation of Identities in Slovakia and the Visegrad Four,” Geopolitics 23, no. 4 (2018): 754-80. doi: 10.1080/14650045.2017.1389720; Aliaksei Kazharski, “Frontiers of Hatred? A Study of Right-Wing Populist Strategies in Slovakia,” European Politics and Society 20, no. 4 (2019): 393-405. doi: 10.1080/23745118.2019.1569337.

85. Titomthy D. Lusch, “A Demon-Haunted Europe: Democracy’s Totalitarian Impulse: An Exclusive Interview with Ryszard Legutko,” The New Oxford Review, October 2017, https://www.newoxfordreview.org/documents/a-demon-haunted-europe-democracys-totalitarian-impulse/ (accessed August 15, 2022).

86. Balazs Trencsényi, Maciej Janowski, Monika Baár, Maria Falina, Luka Lisjak-Gabrijelcic, and Michael Kopeček, A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe, vol. 2, part 2, Negotiating Modernity in the “Short Twentieth Century and Beyond” (1968 and Beyond) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).

87. Chyla, “Democracy and Rule of Law in CEE Countries”

88. as suggested by Fowler, “Non‐Governmental Organizations as Agents of Democratization”

89. Rosabeth Moss Kanter and David V. Summers, “Doing Well while Doing Good: Dilemmas of Performance Measurement in Nonprofit Organizations and the Need for a Multiple-Constituency Approach,” in Public Sector Management: Theory, Critique and Practice, ed. David McKevitt and Alan Lawton (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994): 220-36; Wolfgang Merkel and Anna Lührmann, “Resilience of Democracies: Responses to Illiberal and Authoritarian Challenges,” Democratization 28, no. 5 (2021): 869-84. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2021.1928081; David Black, “Revitalizing Democracy Assistance to Counter Threats to Democratization” (Policy Paper No. 26, German Marshall Fund of the United States, Washington, DC, 2019).

90. Enyedi, “Right-Wing Authoritarian Innovations,” 370.

91. Jackson Krista “Management by values: are some values better than others?” Journal of management Development 29, no. 9 (2010): 795-806.

92. Geoffrey N. Abbott, Fiona A. White, and Margaret A. Charles, “Linking Values and Organizational Commitment: A Correlational and Experimental Investigation in Two Organizations,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 78 (2005): 531-51.

93. Anneke Fitzgerald and Kara Hamilton, “Managing Ethics and Social Responsibility: Creating the Sustainable Corporation,” in Peter Murray, David Poole, and Grant Jones, eds. Contemporary Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour, (South Melbourne: Thomson Learning, 2006), 194-221.

94. Plaček, Vacekoavá, Valentinov, and Ochrana, “Historical Institutionalism”

Additional information

Funding

 This research was funded by National Science Centre in Poland under the OPUS call in the Weave programme (Grant number: UMO-2021/43/I/HS4/00678).

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 244.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.