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ABSTRACT
This study offers a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the activity of HeChalutz HaLochem’s members, Szimszon Dränger and his wife, Gusta Dawidsohn-Dränger, in the area of Nowy Wiśnicz in the second half of 1943. Using critical readings of primary sources, new documents, and geographical research, this paper offers a more accurate picture and visualizes the activities of these Jewish resisters. The study found sites that served Szimszon Dränger’s group, emphasizing its limited resources and poor infrastructure and operational readiness. This paper addresses the conflict between Szimszon Dränger and local Jews who rejected his effort to renew the armed resistance against the Germans.
Acknowledgments
In Israel, I am grateful to Yael Sternberg-Tarshis and Amalia Reisenthel for their longtime help, and to Adi Kitrey and Dudi Karmel who helped me with the aerial images. The Ghetto Fighters Museum's librarian, Dafna Itzkovich was a great supporter. Shirley Zauer invested a lot of work in copyediting this article. In Poland, many kind people assisted me, including Yatzek Piotrowski from Lipnica Murowana, Jacek Borowiecki from Bochnia, and Renata Jonak and Claudia Rojek from Nowy Wiśnicz; the staffs in the library in Bochnia, in the national archives in Krakow and Bochnia, and the Historical Museum in Krakow. Many thanks to Justyna Kubik from IPN Wieliczka. I am grateful to John and Urszula Zielińska-Meissner for their longtime support to my work in Poland. I thank the Neugut family and Mr. Jerzy Akerman in the United States.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Peled, Jewish Cracow [Kraków] 1939–1943, 256–57.
2 See, for example, Bauer, “Jewish Resistance: A Myth or Reality,” 2.
3 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem (The Fighting Pioneer), 30, 76–80; Bauminger, Fighters of the Cracow Ghetto, 9.
4 Dawidsohn-Dränger, Justina’s Diary, 18; Bojowa Organizacja Żydowska, 2–3.
5 Kuper, “About Szimszon Dränger,” 48–50.
6 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem (The Fighting Pioneer), 30, 76–79; Dawidsohn-Dränger, Justina‘s Diary, 18.
7 A.H.H. Akiba, Akiba – General Review, 3–7; Albeh, Jehuda Ohrenstein, 168; “Akiba Before the War,” December 1974.
8 Albeh, Jehuda Ohrenstein, 274–75, 278; “Akiba Before the War,” December 1974.
9 Sarid, BeMivhan He-anut Ve-Hapedut, 419–24,
10 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 29, 58–61; Schein, Testimony, 1959, 2–5.
11 Szymon Lustgarten, Interview, 1981, 3.
12 Peled, Jewish Cracow, 223–25; Leibowicz and Liebskind, Report, December 25, 1942.
13 Elsa Lustgarten and Yehuda Maimon, Audio Interview, 1981.
14 Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 184–85.
15 Rączy, Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie Krakowskim, 96; Wierzcholska, “Helping, Denouncing, and Profiteering,” 36.
16 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 29, 58–61.
17 Engelking, Such a Beautiful Sunny Day, 317.
18 Gutman, Issues in Holocaust Scholarship, 73–77.
19 Perlis, “Introduction to HeChalutz HaLohem,” 35–36.
20 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 34, 163–66, 170–72; Perlis, “Introduction to HeChalutz HaLohem,” 32–40.
21 Hammer, Interview, 1985, 1–2.
22 Bauminger, “The Resistabnce Movement in the Kraków Ghetto,” 16.
23 For example, Peled, Jewish Cracow and Zimmerer, Zamordowany Świat: losy Żadów, 230–33.
24 Ivianski, “Iyunim be HeChalutz HaLohem,” 251; Peled, Jewish Cracow, 240–54; Perlis, “Introduction to HeChalutz HaLohem, 36–8.
25 Ivianski, “HeChalutz HaLohem,” Seminar.
26 For instance, Dränger, “HeChalutz HaLohem,” 33, 158.
27 Peled, Jewish Cracow, 240–54; Ivianski, “Iyunim be HeChalutz HaLohem,” 90, 93; Krakówski, War of the Doomed, 261.
28 Singer, “Jewish Resistance Movement,” 33; Krakówski, War of the Doomed, 261.
29 Sarid, BeMivhan He-anut Ve-Hapedut, 424; Krakówski, War of the Doomed, 260–61; Swałtek-Niewińska. “Powiat Bocheński,” 630–31.
30 Krakówski, War of the Doomed, 260–61; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 59.
31 For example, Peled, Jewish Cracow, and Zimmerer, Zamordowany Świat: losy Żydów.
32 Swałtek-Niewińska, “Powiat Bocheński,” 629–30.
33 Ibid., 629; Kalfus, Oral History Interview, 1995, 65–68.
34 For instance, Schreiber, Nitzanim SheLo Parhu; Schreiber Goldwasser, Four Black Notebooks; Lustgarten, Shimek: Adam, Rea VeLohem.
35 Ibid., 265–67.
36 Giordano and Kelly Knowles, “Geographies of the Holocaust,” 2, 12; Gregory et al., Dictionary of Human Geography, 337.
37 Pearce, “Challenges, Issues and Controversies,” 2, 7.
38 Giordano, Kelly Knowles and Cole, “Geographies of the Holocaust,” 5,9; Brethour and Davidson, “Visualizing Intimate Geographies of Genocide,” 49, 51.
39 Cole and Giordano, “Geographies of the Holocaust,” 64.
40 Boyle, Human Geography, 4.
41 Charlesworth, “The Topography of Genocide,” 217; Sturdy Colls, Holocaust Archaeologies, 39, 257–60.
42 Cole and Giordano, “Geographies of the Holocaust,” 72.
43 Jaskot and Cole, “Afterword,” 303; Brethour and Davidson, “Visualizing Intimate Geographies of Genocide,” 40.
44 Carter-White, “Towards a Spatial Historiography of the Holocaust,” 26–28.
45 Giordano and Kelly Knowles, “Geographies of the Holocaust,” 18.
46 Due to the low quality of aerial images from 1944 and 1945 (such as, TUGX866, SK-168, 1: 43,000, date unknown, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park MD), this study uses early post-war aerial images, M34078-1954-20000-006-2751, 1: 20,000, August 25, 1954, Centralnego Archiwum Wojskowego; M34077-1955-20000-005-4593, 1: 20,000, August 24, 1955, Centralnego Archiwum Wojskowego.
47 Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 185; Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 33, 159–60. Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 10, 22. Blumenthal might have received that information from Jerzy Dränger. Margot Dränger records that she led Gusta and Szymon from Bochnia to Nowy Wiśnicz. Yet, during the same testimony she recorded that she met with Gusta and Gola Miro in Bochnia.
48 Elsa Lustgarten, Oral History Interview, 1987; Shalom Schreiber, Oral History Interview, 1987; Wulf, “The Jewish Resistance Movement in Kraków,” 12.
49 Phillips and Dean, “Bochnia,” 490; Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 33, 149, 158–59.
50 Arad, In the Shadow of the Red Banner, 272, 278, 340.
51 Peled, “HeChalutz HaLohem,” Day Seminar, 1984.
52 Doswiadczenie, April 1945; Spis ludności żydowskiej m. Krakowa, 1081, 1097; Wulf, “Memories of Gusta and Szymek Dränger”; Dränger-Dawidsohn “Letters,” 2–8; Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 175–77.
53 Rączy, Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie Krakowskim, 77.
54 “Dienstreise des Mgr Liebeskind,” Weichert Collection; Legitymacji pracownik ów według Ich instrukcji, Weichert Archive, 178; Wajs, “Keta MeParshiot HaShoah,” 4; Szymon Lustgarten, Interview, 1981, 6; Wulf, “The Jewish Resistance Movement in Kraków,” 2; Author’s visit to the Kopaliny manor, February 1, 2020. Dawidsohn-Dränger, Justina’s Diary, 19–35; Riwka Kuper, Testimony, 1960s–1970s, 139.
55 Laqueur, Guerrilla, 179; Harkabi, On Guerrilla, 62.
56 Laqueur, Guerrilla, 293; Harkabi, On Guerrilla, 61.
57 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 275.
58 Arad, In the Shadow of the Red Banner, 343; Marc Gefen, Testimony, 1.
59 Arad, In the Shadow of the Red Banner, 293; geoportal.gov.pl, December 12, 2021.
60 Rejestr mieszkańców wsi Borówna; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 1, 5; Rączy, Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie Krakowskim, 77.
61 Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995; Yehudit Kollander-Nir, Testimony, 1993, 5–8, 15.
62 Wulf, “Memories of Gusta and Szymek Dränger,” 2–3; Kalfus, Testimony, 1967, 18.
63 Kuper, Interview About the War, 1981, 27.
64 Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 14–19.
65 Szmenda Włodzimierz, 4–25; Sprawozdanie, 518–24.
66 Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
67 Jewish Immigrants in Nowy Wiśnicz, June 1940; Ingber, To Survive Six Concentration Camps, 2.
68 Wajs, “Keta MeParshiot HaShoah,” 4; Arad, In the Shadow of the Red Banner, 340–41.
69 Peled, “HeChalutz HaLohem,” Day Seminar, 1984.
70 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 275; Kiryk and Rota, Bochnia, Dzieje miaste i regionu, 449–53.
71 Sarid, BeMivhan He-anut Ve-Hapedut, 384, 442.
72 Weinfeld, Interview, 2006; Dränger, “Operational Report,” 275–79.
73 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 275–79.
74 Ibid.
75 Ibid., 277.
76 Ibid.
77 Szymon Lustgarten, Interview, 1981, 28; Rufeisen-Schipper, Farewell to Mila 18, 91–92; Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 23–24.
78 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 33, 154–60.
79 Plan dzielnicy żydowskiej, 1941; Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 33, 147–50, 154–55; Tse-Tung, On Guerrilla Warfare, 43, 100.
80 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 276.
81 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 34, 179–80; Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 185.
82 Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 11.
83 M34078-1954-20000-006-2751.
84 Weinfeld, Interview, 2006.
85 Hammer Letter to Ohrenstein, September 1943; David Wulf, Testimony, 1948, 8.
86 Kalfus, Testimony, 1967, 17; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 56–7.
87 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 32, 136–38; ibid., 33, 158.
88 Giordano and Kelly Knowles, “Geographies of the Holocaust,” 21.
89 Perlis, “Introduction to HeChalutz HaLohem,” 38; Yechieli, Akiva, 270.
90 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 32, 136–37.
91 Stanislaw Wigura, Geni.com., December 9, 2021.
92 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 137; Sprawa ewidencyjno, 10–22; “Polska ArmiaLudowa,” 1–3.
93 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 36, 221; United States Holocaust Museum, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 479, 522, 537.
94 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 33; Mail from the AK Museum in Kraków to the author, November 23, 2021; Wroński, Kronika okupowanego Krakowa, 285–89;” Ashcroft,” March 7, 1943, 6.
95 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 30, 91; Hammer, “Protocol,” 1943, 4.
96 Kalfus, Testimony, 1967, 15.
97 Perlis, “Introduction to HeChalutz HaLohem,” 36–39.
98 Peled, Jewish Cracow, 247; Kowalik, Righteous Among the Nations, 1988.
99 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 36, 222.
100 Ibid., 48–49.
101 Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
102 David Wulf, Testimony, 1948, 6; Elsa Lustgarten, Oral History Interview, 1987.
103 Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 5; Neugut, Łomna koło Wiśnicza, 1945; author’s photo of a headstone in the Jewish cemetery in Kraków, August 2021; Weinfeld, Testimony on Stanisław Fischer, 1987, 1.
104 Krieger, Oral Interview, 1995.
105 Neugut Diary, 26–30; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 54.
106 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 35, 189.
107 Ibid., 35, 189; ibid., 36, 208–09, 213.
108 Sarid, BeMivhan He-anut Ve-Hapedut, 420.
109 For example, Trybuna Ludowa, Wolna Polska, Robotnik P.P.S., Wolnosc.
110 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 35, 189.
111 For example, Zając, Działania partyzanckie między Wisłą a Tatrami and Jarowiecki, Konspiracyjna prasa w Krakowie w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej.
112 Swałtek-Niewińska,“Powiat Bocheński,” 628; Peled, Jewish Cracow, 205, 228.
113 Van Creveld, Changing Face of War, 223.
114 Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 35–37; Peled, Jewish Cracow, 250.
115 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 31, 97.
116 Ibid., 34, 165.
117 Kalfus, Testimony, 1967, 9–13; Kalfus, Testimony, May 1995, 25–26.
118 Wienfeld, Interview, 2006; Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 8–11.
119 Wienfeld, Interview, 2006; Kalfus, Testimony, 1967, 9–13.
120 Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
121 Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 6; Kalfus, Testimony, 1967, 9–11.
122 Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 9–10; Peled, Jewish Cracow, 195.
123 Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
124 Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 7.
125 Weinfeld, Interview, 2006.
126 Ibid.; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 67–71.
127 Zuckerman, A Surplus of Memory, 401–08; Lubetkin, In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, 259–65.
128 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 275.
129 Letter from Liebeskind and Dränger, 1942, 13–15.
130 Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 185. The source of this information is unknown; perhaps it was Jerzy Dränger.
131 Hammer, “Protocol,” 1943, 4.
132 Five Letters, 345–52; Zuckerman, A Surplus of Memory, 241–42, 446.
133 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 278.
134 Ibid,, 277.
135 Ibid., 275; Laqueur, Guerrilla, 179.
136 Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
137 Wojdzisławski Family in Rynek 46; Izba Przemysłowa Handlowa, 307; Kalfus testimony, 1967, 4.
138 Ibid., 8–9.
139 Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 6.
140 Weinfeld, Testimony on Stanisław Fischer, 1987, 1–4; Kobielowa, “Wdzięczność ucznia,” 58–59.
141 Weinfeld, Testimony on Stanisław Fischer, 1987, 3.
142 Non-Jewish individuals who have been honored by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, for risking their lives to aid Jews during the Holocaust.
143 Fischer, Righteous Among the Nations; Zawidzka, “Sprawiedliwy,” 37–38; Weinfeld, Testimony on Stanisław Fischer, 1987, 4.
144 Tse-Tung, Basic Tactics, 116.
145 Engelking, Such a Beautiful Sunny Day, 89.
146 Grądzka-Rejak, Historie Pomocy, 2015; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 52–53, 64–65.
147 Wyrwa, Oral History Interview, 1988; Kernkaurt and Pflaster, Testimonies on Wyrwa, 1982, 1.
148 Zollmann, Testimony, 2020.
149 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 276.
150 Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 32–33.
151 Wulf, “Memories of Gusta and Szymek Dränger”; David Wulf, Testimony, 1948, 2, 5.
152 Kowalik, Righteous Among the Nations, 1988; Hollander, “Eidentattliche Versickerung,” 2.
153 “Mieszkańcy Którzy Pomagali Żydom,” 33; Wyrwa, “Righteous Among the Nations”; Kruk, Maria, Kruk Józef, Nizioł Anna (Kruk).
154 Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 53–54.
155 Graboeski, Hunting the Jews, 188–90.
156 Kalfus, Testimony, 1985, 6. See also Peled, Shalom and Towa Schreiber, Interview, 1985, 4.
157 Zawidzka, “Sprawiedliwy,” 38; Kruk, Maria, Kruk Józef, Nizioł Anna (Kruk).
158 Pile, “Introduction: Opposition, Political Identities,” 3, 16.
159 Giordano, Kelly Knowles, and Cole, Geographies of the Holocaust, 12.
160 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 276.
161 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 32, 132–33.
162 Szymon Lustgarten, Interview, 1981; Shalom Schreiber, Oral History Interview, 1987.
163 Author’s visits to Borówna and Leksandrowa, September–October 2021; Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 7.
164 Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 48.
165 Author’s visits to Łomna, Borówna, Rajbort, Nowy Wiśnicz, January 2020.
166 Margot Dränger Oral History Interview, 1998, 32–33; David Wulf, Testimony, 1948, 5.
167 Ibid., 5–6; Margot Dränger, Oral History Interview, 1998, 32–33
168 NARA, TUGX-866, SK-168; M34077-1955-20000-005-4593; Gmina Nowy Wiśnicz, 472–75; author’s visits to Nowy Wiśnicz, January 2020, April 2022.
169 Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 58; David Wulf, Testimony, 1948, 9.
170 Dabrowa-Kostka, Hitlerowskie Afisze Śmierci, 176, 395; Księga Ochrzczonych, Nowy Wiśnicz, t. III, str. 6, nr. 36.
171 IPN, Kr 1/951, 215; European Refugees, 1939–1952, 90.
172 Author’s visit to Łomna, January 2020; Margot Dränger, Oral History Interview, 1998, 47–49; Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 39; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 56; Dränger, “Commands and Leaflets,” 28–35.
173 Kalfus, Testimony, 1967, 15.
174 “Mieszkańcy Którzy Ponagali Żydom,” 34–35.
175 Weinfeld, Interview, 2006.
176 M34078-1954-20000-006-2751.
177 NARA, TUGX-866, 167; M34078-1954-20000-006-2751; Author’s visit to Łomna, January 2020.
178 Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 3, 6.
179 David Wulf, Testimony, 1948, 7.
180 NARA, TUGX-866, 167; M34078-1954-20000-006-2751.
181 Author’s visits to Borówna, January 2020, September 2021; M34078-1954-20000-006-2751.
182 Ibid., September 22, 2021; meeting with local people, January 2020, and September 2021.
183 Rejestr mieszkańców wsi Leksandrowa, 16; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 40–42, 51.
184 Neugut Diary, 33.
185 Author’s visits to Leksandrowa, September and October 2021.
186 David Wulf, Testimony, 1948, 5–7.
187 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 276; Dawidsohn-Dränger, Justina’s Diary, 52.
188 ZOB, podrabianie dokumentów, DSCF6488–DSCF6511.
189 Zohar, “Jewish Subterranean Operations,” 21, 26; author’s meetings with members of the Kowalik, Bereta, and Kruk families in February 2020; Kowalik, Righteous Among the Nations, 1988; Anna Bereta, Righteous Among the Nations.
190 Zohar, “Jewish Subterranean Operations,” 15–16, 22; Hollander, “Eidenttlliche Verickerung,” 6–8.
191 Grądzka-Rejak, Historie Pomocy, 2015; Zollmann, Testimony, 2020; author’s visits to Borówna, Łomna and Rajbort, January-February 2020.
192 David Wulf, Testimony, 1948, 9; Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 34–35.
193 Kowalik, “Righteous Among the Nations,’ 1988; Bereta, “Righteous Among the Nations”; Kruk, Righteous Among the Nations.
194 Pile, “Introduction: Opposition, Political Identities,” 16, 30.
195 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 29, 69–70; ibid., 31, 106–07; ibid., 33, 155; Swałtek-Niewińska, “Powiat Bocheński,” 606–09.
196 Weinfeld, Interview, 2006, Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
197 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 30, 90.
198 Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
199 Kalfus, Interview, 1985, 10.
200 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 34, 164.
201 Ibid.
202 Ibid., 30, 75–79.
203 Neugut Diary, 20–30, 54; Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 37, 236–40; author’s visit to Tymowa, April 2022.
204 Liber Mortuorum Tymowa, 1943; Neugut Diary, 20–30, 54; author’s visits to Tymowa, August and September 2021; 54; Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 183.
205 Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995; Author’s visit in Leksandrowa, March 2022.
206 Author’s visits to Tymowa, August and September 2021; Neugut Diary, 21–37; Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
207 Księga meldunkowa –Tymowa, 70; Neugut Diary, 21–37; Author’s visits to Tymowa, August 2021.
208 Kalfus, Interview, 1995, 52, 59, 61.
209 Author’s visit to the Bukowiec forest, April 19, 2022.
210 Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 183.
211 Weinfeld, Interview, 2006; Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 250.
212 Ibid., 183.
213 Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 56.
214 Weinfeld, Interview, 2006.
215 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 34, 177.
216 Neugut Diary, 39–42; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 61.
217 Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 37, 236–37; Weinfeld, Interview, 2006.
218 Kalfus, Testimony, 1967, 18.
219 Ibid., 1967, 16–19.
220 Weinfeld, Testimony on Stanisław Fischer, 1987, 3; Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
221 Author’s visits to the Kopaliny forest, April 10 and 14, 2022.
222 Cooper, In the Shadow of the Polish Eagle, 147; Zimmerman, Polish Underground and the Jews, 281; Letter from Zuckerman to Bor Komorowski, 1943, 4–5.
223 Rubin, Council For Aid, 277.
224 Czarnocka, Armia Krajowa w Dokumentach, 92.
225 Zimmerman, The Polish Underground and the Jews, 272, 284; Gutman and Krakówski, Unequal Victims, 126.
226 Krakówski, War of the Doomed, 260–61; Peled, Jewish Kraków 1939–1943, 248–49.
227 Neugut Diary, 34; Kalfus, Interview, May 1995, 53–63.
228 Ibid., 17–19.
229 Blumenthal, “Al HaMahberet VeYomana,” 183.
230 Hammer, Interview, 1985, 3.
231 Dränger, “Operational Report,” 275–79; Dränger, HeChalutz HaLohem, 36, 213.
232 Hammer, Interview, 1985, 4.
233 Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 34–36.
234 Engelking, Such a Beautiful Sunny Day, 317–18.
235 Józef Wieciech, 39–48, Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 35–37; author’s visits to Borówna and the New Jewish Cemetery in Krakow, October 2021.
236 Margot Dränger, Testimony, 1960, 35–37; Zollman, Testimony, 2020; Kalfus, Oral History Interview, April 1995.
237 Giordano and Kelly Knowles, “Geographies of the Holocaust,” 21.
238 Ibid.; Sturdy Colls, Holocaust Archaeologies, 260.
239 Van Creveld, Changing Face of War, 223; Tse-Tung, Basic Tactics, 53.
240 Arad, In the Shadow of the Red Banner, 340.
241 Van Creveld, Changing Face of War, 223; Tse-Tung, Basic Tactics, 53.
242 Laqueur, Guerrilla, 301.
243 Mao, Basic Tactics, 119.
244 Ibid., 54, 116.
245 Ronen and Hadar, “The Idea of Fighting as Perceived by the Youth Movements During the Holocaust,” 136.
246 Gvirtzman, Testimony, 1980s, 14.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Eran Zohar
Eran Zohar is an independent researcher in the field of armed groups, security, and intelligence; and has published numerous articles on these. He received his doctorate in Political Science from the University of Otago in New Zealand and served for many years as a senior strategic analyst in the Analysis Division of Israeli Military Intelligence. In his upcoming book he examines the arming of non-state-actors throughout history.