ABSTRACT
The Chinese social relief system, first established in the eighteenth century, had already faced enormous pressure during the late Qing period. Impacted by the West and galvanized by China’s domestic social transformation, however, the Chinese social relief system embarked on some new development unseen before, including diversified famine relief mechanisms, socialization of famine relief granaries, and the development of inclusive philanthropy. The above development is a testament to the fact that the social relief system of late Qing gradually moved away from the old, state-dominated model and became an integral part of the social transformation in modern China.
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Glossary
Chen Xianshu 陈贤书
chuangong 传供
Dalisi 大理寺
Da Qing lüli 《大清律例》
Duchayuan 都察院
Du Fengzhi 杜凤治
fanshi qian 饭食钱
Foshan 佛山
Guangning 广宁
Guangxin tang 广信堂
Hu Guocun 胡国存
Jiang Chaobo 蒋超伯
Jiang Yahua 江亚华
jiu di zheng fa 就地正法
kanyu 看语
Lan Dingyuan 蓝鼎元
Liang Dingyi 梁丁义
Liang Zhaojin 梁肇晋
Liu Biao 刘标
Liu Kunyi 刘坤一
Luoding 罗定
Luo Jiayou 罗家有
Luo Qilin 罗绮林
Luo Wenlai 罗文来
Luo Yayou 罗亚有
Luzhou gongan 《鹿州公案》
Nanhai 南海
Panyu 番禺
Qingyuan 清远
qiu shen 秋审
shi chu 失出
Sihui 四会
song lei 讼累
Song Xigeng 宋锡庚
Tan Chengkun 谭成坤
Tongzhi 同治
waiban 外办
wang fa 王法
wuxing 五刑
Xingbu 刑部
xingming muke 刑名幕客
Xinhui 新会
Xiyuan lu 《洗冤录》
Xu Zhongming 徐忠明
Zhang Yan 张研
Notes
1 Li Xiangjun, Qingdai huangzheng yanjiu, 191-193.
2 Will, 18 shiji Zhongguo de guanliao, “Preface,” 223.
3 Jia Guojing, Huanghe Tongwaxiang juekou gaidao, 47.
4 Li, Fighting Famine in North China, 268-272.
5 As for the overall situations and results of the official famine relief efforts, please see He Hanwei, He Hanwei, Guanxu chunian (1876-1879) huabei.
6 See Zhu Hu, Jiangnanren zai Huabei, 114-148.
7 Jing Yuanshan, “Chouzhen tonglun,” 217.
8 See Li Wenhai, “Wanqing yizhen de xingqi,” 27-35.
9 See Zhu Hu, “Difang xipu xiang guojia,” 27-38.
10 Zhu Hu, Difangxing liudong jiqi chaoyue, 444.
11 de la Servière, Jiangnan chuanjiao shi, vol. 1, 165-183.
12 Muirhead, The Great Famine.
13 For the activities of the China International Famine Relief Commission, see Report of the Central China Famine Relief Fund Committee. As for the charitable giving statistics, please see “Huayang yizhenhui jingshou juankuan zongshu baogao.”
14 Huang Wende, Fei zhengfu zuzhi yu guoji hezuo, 29.
15 Central China Famine Relief Committee, Report and Accounts, From October 1, 1911 to June 30, 1912, 8-10.
16 Huayang yizhenhui, Huayang yizhenhui zaizhen wenjian huilu.
17 Will, and Wong, Nourish the People, 498, 524.
18 Wu Siwu, Qingdai cangchu de zhidu kunjing, 135.
19 See Zhu Hu’s “Shi wei min tian,” 20-25.
20 Wu Siwu, Qingdai cangchu de zhidu kunjing, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.
21 Wu Siwu, Qingdai cangchu de zhidu kunjing, 159-194.
22 Wu Tao, “Zongzu yu yicang,” 56-71.
23 See Chen Chunshen, “Lun Qingmo Guangdong yicang,” 50-66.
24 Foshan zhongyixiang zhi, vol. 7, 1-2.
25 Zhou Qiuguang, and Zeng Guilin, Zhongguo cishan jianshi, Chapter 5 and Chapter 6.
26 Fuma Susumu, Zhongguo shanhui shantang shi yanjiu, 516-518, 600-602.
27 Li Wenhai, “Wanqing yizhen de xingqi,” 27-35.
28 Zhu Hu, “Kua difang de difangxing shijian,” 33-50.
29 Zhu Ying, “Wuxu shiqi minjian cishan,” 66-71.
30 Zhou Qiuguang, and Zeng Guilin, Zhongguo cishan jianshi, 244-247.
31 Li Xixia, Zhongguo jindai cishan sixiang yanjiu, 104-109.
32 Wang Weiping, Huang Hongshan, and Zeng Guilin, Zhongguo cishan shigang, 118-124.
33 Gu Changsheng, Chuanjiaoshi yu jindai Zhongguo, 211-214, 257-264.
34 Zhou Qiuguang, and Zeng Guilin, Zhongguo cishan jianshi, 348.
35 Chi Zihua, Hongshizi yu jindai Zhongguo, Chapter 1 and Chapter 2.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Hu ZHU
ZHU Hu is a professor in the Institute of Qing History, Renmin University of China. His major research interests include the history of famine in China, and the history of late Qing. He is the author of Difangxing liudong jiqi chaoyue: Wan Qing yizhen yu jindai Zhongguo de xinchen daixie (The Fluidity and Transcendence of Localism: Late-Qing Charity Relief and the Supersession of the Old by New in Modern China, Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 2006) and Yangwu yu zhenwu: Sheng xuanhuai de wan Qing sishi nian (Self-strengthening and Famine Relief: Sheng xuanhuai’s Forty Years in Late Qing, Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 2021).